VT Grape & Wine Council Annual Conference July 1: SCHEDULE AND REGISTRATION

Our annual conference will be held at the Red School House at Vermont Technical College in Randolph, VT. This year, we’re delighted to have John Thull, vineyard manager at the University of Minnesota Horticulture Research Center, speaking on several aspects of vineyard management. It is a viticulture-focused program this year, since we have the USDA grant for a viticulture expert.

**PLEASE FORWARD WIDELY. SEND TO ALL YOUR CUSTOMERS WHO ASK YOU FOR VITICULTURE ADVICE!

Fire Blight in Vermont Orchards

June 16, 2014

It is becoming apparent that 2014 is sizing up to be one of the more significant fire blight years in Vermont. Luckily, this bacterial disease isn’t as prevalent nor damaging as it is in warmer areas, but its occurrence is increasing in our area, and if your orchard is affected, you need to manage it.

First, I welcome any reports from the field that will help me get a handle on how widespread the situation is. At the UVM Hort Farm orchards, my four usual blocks are affected to varying degrees, and it’s pretty manageable (but then again, we’re only talking about three acres). I am seeing infections mostly on Cortland, Mutsu, and Gala, as well as the newer scab resistant cultivars Crimson Crisp (a real magnet for the disease), Topaz, Winecrisp, and Galarina. I did note a few McIntosh and Empire infections today, but those cultivars are not heavily affected.

As for management strategies, I am going to refer you to Dr. David Rosenberger’s article in the most recent Scaffolds (regular screen version here, mobile/phone formatted version here). For a long-term management strategy, please see Dr. Dan Cooley’s fact sheet, An Annual Fire Blight Management Program.

Correct link for grape tissue sampling factsheet

June 16, 2014

Here is a link to Joe Fiola’s grape petiole and soil sampling factsheet:
https://extension.umd.edu/sites/default/files/_docs/programs/viticulture/TissueSamplingforVineyards060413.pdf

Terence Bradshaw, UVM Tree Fruit and Viticulture Specialist

Where trade names or commercial products are used for identification, no discrimination is intended and no endorsement is implied.
Always read the label before using any pesticide.
The label is the legal document for the product use.
Disregard any information in this newsletter if it is in conflict with the label.

The UVM Tree Fruit and Viticulture Program is supported by the University of Vermont Agriculture Experiment Station, a USDA NIFA E-IPM Grant, and USDA Risk Management Agency Funds.

Fertilizing grapes

June 13, 2014

As we all see our grape canopies exploding with growth at this time of year it is important to consider that the vines have their greatest need for nutrients to support shoot development and blossom fertilization. Without knowing your soil or petiole values, specific recommendations are hard to offer, but here are a few items to consider:

Nitrogenmay only rarely be needed in most mature vineyards, but young vines can often benefit from modest applications. Generally no more than 30 lbs actual N per acre, and more likely 20, will suffice. Let your experience with the vines dictate this, and if you have sufficient growth and crop yield, lay off the nitrogen. Calcium or Ammonium nitrate are good sources.

Potassium may often be deficient, and is most often seen on basal leaves as marginal yellowing or reddening of leaf tissues.

Boron is important for fruit set and calcium transport in grapes, and is frequently deficient in Vermont soils. However, it is very easy to over apply boron, which may lead to toxicity. All nutrient applications should be based on soil and/or plant tissue analysis, but this one is especially important. Boron is often supplemented in vineyards with Solubor, which contains 20% boron by weight. Amounts applied per acre are typically low, 1-3 pounds boron (or 5-15 pounds Solubor) per acre, and may best be applied in irrigation or herbicide water. Foliar applications of boron are very good at correcting deficiencies in the short-term, and may be applied with pest management sprays, If using pesticides in water-soluble bags (like Rally), the boron will prevent dissolution of the bags, so they should be thoroughly mixed until the bag is completely dissolved before adding boron to the tank. Typical rates of foliar boron should be no more than 0.5 pounds of boron per (or 2.5 pounds of Solubor) acre per application.

Magnesium deficiency is common in many vineyards, and is typically pronounced on many of the cold-hardy cultivars. Magnesium is an essential component in chlorophyll, and deficiency symptoms often appear as interveinal chlorosis (yellowing, or sometimes reddening) at leaf margins and between leaf veins. Symptoms are most readily observed on older leaves. Short-term correction of magnesium deficiency can be had with foliar applications of magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts) applied at 5 to 10 pounds per acre. This may be applied with pest management sprays. These sprays may be made 2-3 times at two-week intervals beginning immediately after bloom. Correction of magnesium deficiency in soil may be performed with application of 300 to 600 pounds per acre of magnesium sulfate. If potassium is also low sul-po-mag fertilizer will supply both of those nutrients. In the long-term, if soil pH is low (below 6.2 or so), then dolomitic lime may be applied .

All nutrient additions should be guided by soil and plant tissue analysis. Soil analysis may be conducted at any time, and samples sent to the UVM Agriculture and Environmental Testing Lab.

Petiole analysis may be conducted at two times, and growers should select one and stay consistent in order to compare year-to-year results. Sampling at veraison is the most common and preferred method, but bloomtime sampling may be preferable if there is a suspected nutrient deficiency that may be corrected in the present growing season.

The closest analytical lab for grape petiole analysis is the Cornell Nutrient Analysis Laboratory . Please note that they now have partnered with Agro-One Services. It is recommended that you contact them before you send any samples to confirm that recommendations will be sent along with the analysis and to confirm costs.
Video about petiole sampling: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8EHbojLfXek

Dr. Joe Fiola from the University of Maryland summarized bloom petiole sampling in a recent Timely Viticulture newsletter:

Tissue Sampling

Some early varieties in many vineyards are just starting to bloom. This is a critical time for taking tissue/petiole samples to assess the nutritional status of your vines. The following are some timely considerations.

  • Grape petiole analysis is recommended along with soil samples and visual observations as part of a complete nutrient management program.
  • A three year cycle of sampling all of the varieties in a vineyard is typically recommended.
  • Tissue/petiole analyses reveal the actual nutrients in the vines.
  • Tissue samples are needed when doing your mandatory Nutrient Management Plan.
  • Spring tissue sampling is a good time to sample, as you can make nutrient adjustments to the vineyard that will influence this year’s crop quality.
  • Nitrogen status is best evaluated with tissue sampling not soil sampling.
  • The time to take spring tissue samples is during full bloom of a particular variety.
  • Bloom time samples may show more accurate levels of boron and zinc, but are less accurate indicators of potassium status. Where bloom-time analyses indicate borderline potassium nutrient levels, a second sampling is warranted in late summer (70-100 days post bloom).

Some specifics on sampling:

  • Each sample should be less than 5 acres; less if there are major changes in soil or topography
  • Sample different varieties separately. Samples should represent plants that are planted on the same soil type and are of the same age, variety and rootstock.
  • Vines should represent that portion of a block that is maintained under the same cultural practices, i.e. fertilizer, irrigation and vigor control practices. For example, irrigation blocks are not to be combined with non-irrigated blocks even if they are on the same soil type.
  • Do not sample vines on the border of the block or near dusty roads.
  • For the bloom-sampling period, sample the petiole of the leaf petiole OPPOSITE the 1st blossom/cluster (see detail on fact sheet linked below).
  • About 50-75 petioles are needed from varieties with large petioles and about 75-100 petioles are needed from varieties with small petioles.
  • Gently wash petioles with water and gentle detergent, pat dry and place in OPEN paper bag (lunch, #6 size) to dry for a few days.
  • There are many labs that can analyze tissue samples (see detail on fact sheet linked below). Call the laboratory to determine current pricing and submission information. http://www.grapesandfruit.umd.edu/Grapes/Pages/SoilTestingLabs.doc

 

Terence Bradshaw, UVM Tree Fruit and Viticulture Specialist

Where trade names or commercial products are used for identification, no discrimination is intended and no endorsement is implied.
Always read the label before using any pesticide.
The label is the legal document for the product use.
Disregard any information in this newsletter if it is in conflict with the label.

The UVM Tree Fruit and Viticulture Program is supported by the University of Vermont Agriculture Experiment Station, a USDA NIFA E-IPM Grant, and USDA Risk Management Agency Funds.

Critical period for disease management in Vermont vineyards

June 9, 2014- At the UVM Hort Farm, we just entered into bloom on our earliest table grapes, and wine grapes are right around the corner. This immediate prebloom period is potentially the most important time to manage diseases in your vineyard this year. This is the time to get
Phomopsis, Black Rot, Powdery Mildew and Downy Mildew under control. This spray and the first post-bloom sprayare considered the most important sprays of the season for disease management.

Good spray options include a combination of a protectant (Captan, which may have a three-day re-entry interval depending on formulation, or mancozebs, whose 66-day preharvest interval make this likely the last time you’ll use them this season.) and systemic (QoI or DMI) fungicide. For DMI materials, Rally is the most commonly used fungicide, but there are several options for QoI materials,: Abound, Quadris (make sure neither of these contacts apples because they are phytotoxic to them), Flint, and Sovran. More details on appropriate fungicide

s can be found on pages 38 & 38 of the 2014 New York and Pennsylvania Pest Management Guidelines for Grapes.

As we get into bloom, vine nutrition becomes an important consideration. Grapes require boron and nitrogen to fertilize blossoms and form fruit, so this is a good time to apply both of those materials in your vineyard. Magnesium is also commonly deficient in Vermont vineyards, so consider applying either Sul-Po-Mag if you also need potassium, or Magnesium sulfate if you just need magnesium. This should be determined using both soil and petiole tests, and I can help you with interpretation of any results you have from the UVM or Dairy One (Cornell) labs.

Terence Bradshaw, UVM Tree Fruit and Viticulture Specialist

Where trade names or commercial products are used for identification, no discrimination is intended and no endorsement is implied.
Always read the label before using any pesticide.
The label is the legal document for the product use.
Disregard any information in this newsletter if it is in conflict with the label.

The UVM Tree Fruit and Viticulture Program is supported by the University of Vermont Agriculture Experiment Station, a USDA NIFA E-IPM Grant, and USDA Risk Management Agency Funds.

Fire Blight symptoms now appearing

June 9, 2014-

Fire blight infections caused during bloom should be appearing in infected orchards any time now. If you have susceptible cultivars (Mutsu, Gala, Cortland, Paulared, Ginger Gold, and many others found here), then get out and scout your orchards ASAP. Blossom infections should be removed at least six inches below any signs of symptoms, which include: darkening of shoot tips with distinct ‘shepherd’s crook’, oozing on shoots or fruit, and browning and shriveling of leaves. DO NOT SPRAY STREPTOMYCIN on infected tissue, it will not work and you will be setting yourself up for resistance development. Only in the case of hail storms or extreme wind events which create new infection sites should you apply strep, and that needs to be done within 24 hours of the event.

For more information on fire blight management see:

http://www.caf.wvu.edu/kearneysville/articles/FB-MANAGE00.html

Terence Bradshaw, UVM Tree Fruit and Viticulture Specialist

Where trade names or commercial products are used for identification, no discrimination is intended and no endorsement is implied.
Always read the label before using any pesticide.
The label is the legal document for the product use.
Disregard any information in this newsletter if it is in conflict with the label.

The UVM Tree Fruit and Viticulture Program is supported by the University of Vermont Agriculture Experiment Station, a USDA NIFA E-IPM Grant, and USDA Risk Management Agency Funds.

Thinning and codling moth management in Vermont orchards

June 4, 2014

By now apple fruitlets in the Champlain and Connecticut Valleys should be approaching 10-12 mm size which is the most receptive time for thinner application. Bloom and fruit set have been spotty this season, with large variations across cultivars and even within cultivars on adjacent trees in a row. Still, don’t plan on skimping on thinning. We often see more fruit than we thought we had as they size up. On trees with sparse bloom, given good pollination conditions, more of those fruit will tend to set as well, so those clusters will need thinning. I recommend thinning the whole orchard at a moderate dose (say 1 qt carbaryl plus 2.5 – 5 ppm NAA), then following up more heavily-set trees with hand thinning. Cool days ahead suggest a slight increase in thinner rates may be appropriate to get best results.

Codling moth adults are now flying, and egg hatch has just barely begun. Based on Glen Koehler’s Orchard Radar model, the best timing to apply materials targeted at hatching larvae is next week, followed by a second spray 7-10 days afterward. In orchards with historically low CM populations where a single spray has been effective in managing the first generation this pest, the model suggests application the week of June 16.

Keep covered for plum curculio in the meantime, orchards that had a full-block insecticide applied at or soon after petal fall (that’s all of you, right?) can apply sprays only to the outer two or three rows to maintain efficacy against migrating beetles.

Terence Bradshaw, UVM Tree Fruit and Viticulture Specialist

Where trade names or commercial products are used for identification, no discrimination is intended and no endorsement is implied.
Always read the label before using any pesticide.
The label is the legal document for the product use.
Disregard any information in this newsletter if it is in conflict with the label.

The UVM Tree Fruit and Viticulture Program is supported by the University of Vermont Agriculture Experiment Station, a USDA NIFA E-IPM Grant, and USDA Risk Management Agency Funds.

Introduction to (Commercial) Hard Cider

June 3, 2014

I just wanted to drop a quick note to announce that an article I co-authored with other cider-oriented researchers has been posted to eXtension:
http://www.extension.org/pages/70601/an-introduction-to-hard-cider-in-the-us#.U4fbrBbp-DQ

This should be just the beginning of things to come.

Terence Bradshaw, UVM Tree Fruit and Viticulture Specialist

Where trade names or commercial products are used for identification, no discrimination is intended and no endorsement is implied.
Always read the label before using any pesticide.
The label is the legal document for the product use.
Disregard any information in this newsletter if it is in conflict with the label.

The UVM Tree Fruit and Viticulture Program is supported by the University of Vermont Agriculture Experiment Station, a USDA NIFA E-IPM Grant, and USDA Risk Management Agency Funds.

Northern Grapes Project: Managing Winter-Injured Vines

June 3, 2014

At the UVM vineyard we completed shoot thinning late last week after leaving a generous number of buds during dormant pruning. Our concern was winter damage on fruit buds, cordons, and even trunks with a few cultivars. Overall, things look okay for us, although some of the tender table grapes (especially Vanessa) are looking questionable, and the Corot Noir, among the wine grapes, likely suffered some trunk damage that will take some time to see the extent of.

With that said, please read the attached article from Dr. Tim Martinson as part of the Northern Grapes Project on how to manage winter injured vines now that they are growing (or not).

Terence Bradshaw, UVM Tree Fruit and Viticulture Specialist

Where trade names or commercial products are used for identification, no discrimination is intended and no endorsement is implied.
Always read the label before using any pesticide.
The label is the legal document for the product use.
Disregard any information in this newsletter if it is in conflict with the label.

The UVM Tree Fruit and Viticulture Program is supported by the University of Vermont Agriculture Experiment Station, a USDA NIFA E-IPM Grant, and USDA Risk Management Agency Funds.

NGP_Managing Winter Injured Vines.pdf

Sprayer calibration workshops in New Hampshire this week

June 1, 2014

George Hamilton from University of New Hampshire Extension will be hosting a sprayer calibration workshops this week. For more information, email: George.Hamilton

Guest presenter – Dr. Jason S.T. Deveau, Application Technology Specialist, OMAFRA, Simcoe Station, Ontario

Tuesday – June 3

9:00 – noon Classroom – Georges Office UNH Cooperative Extension – Hillsborough County
329 Mast Road – Room 101 Goffstown, NH 03045

– Review of Air Blast Sprayer 101/ Boom Sprayer Questions
– Questions from what we have learned from calibrations in the field

Tuesday – June 3

1:30 – Farm (Fruit) Apple Hill Farm, Concord
– Primarily Air Blast
o Backwards walkthrough of calibration process
o Calculate what grower is spraying
o Coverage where is the spray ending up

Wednesday – June 4

– Wilson Farm, Litchfield, NH
– Raspberries/Strawberries
o Boom
o Air Shear – Cannon
– Vegetable

Wednesday – June 4
– 4 pm twilight meeting with growers – Blueberry Farm
– Durocher Farm, Litchfield, NH

Terence Bradshaw, UVM Tree Fruit and Viticulture Specialist

Where trade names or commercial products are used for identification, no discrimination is intended and no endorsement is implied.
Always read the label before using any pesticide.
The label is the legal document for the product use.
Disregard any information in this newsletter if it is in conflict with the label.

The UVM Tree Fruit and Viticulture Program is supported by the University of Vermont Agriculture Experiment Station, a USDA NIFA E-IPM Grant, and USDA Risk Management Agency Funds.