August 2016 – UVM Fruit Blog

Northern Grapes News, Vol 5, Issue 3

http://northerngrapesproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/NG-News-Vol5-I3-Aug-2016.pdf

Northern Grapes News, Volume 5, Issue 3, August 2016

In this issue:

– What we Have Accomplished: Reflections on the Northern Grapes Project.
– NGP Team Profile: Ann Hazelrigg.
– Murli Dharmadhikari: Four Decades Leading the Midwest Grape and Wine Industry.
– Northern Grapes Project Survey Shows Growth.
– Managing Nutrition in Cold-Climate Vineyards.

Chrislyn A. Particka, PhD

Extension Support Specialist

Cornell University

School of Integrative Plant Science, Horticulture Section

630 W. North Street

Geneva, NY 14456

cap297

www.northerngrapesproject.org

Time for Retain application in Vermont orchards

By Terence Bradshaw

Apple harvest is just around the corner with reports of early varieties like Paulared and William’s Pride coming in as ready to pick. The use of plant growth regulators to help with harvest management and improve fruit quality is an important tool in many orchards. ReTain plant growth regulator is used to slow ethylene synthesis in ripening fruit to delay maturity and reduce preharvest drop. Given the dry and hot conditions experienced this summer, drop potential is high, and growers should plan on treating their orchards more often than not. One or two applications may be made at the rate of one pouch (11.7 oz) per acre each. Application 21 to 28 days prior to normal harvest will delay ripening 7-10 days and improve fruit storability. ReTain is especially recommended on McIntosh, and reduced rates (1/2 pouch each application) suggested for Macoun and Honeycrisp. ReTain also improves fruit quality on Cortland and Gala.

Dr. Duane Greene from UMASS recently outlined the following guidelines for ReTain use in 2016:

“Apply ReTain in a sufficient amount of water to ensure that flowers, fruits, and foliage receive thorough spray coverage using calibrated spray equipment. Adjust water volumes based on plant size and spacing. However, excessive spray application volumes resulting in spray runoff will reduce product efficacy.

Avoid applications during the heat of the day. For best results, apply ReTain under slow drying conditions, e.g. early in the morning or at night, in order to maximize adequate absorption.

Do not apply ReTain if rain is expected within 8 hours of application.

Do not apply ReTain to plants of fruit under considerable stress (i.e., heat, water, disease, insect).

Maintain application solution between pH 6-8.

For optimal response, use ReTain with a 100% organosilicone surfactant. Use a final surfactant concentration of 0.05 to 0.1% ( i.e. 6-12 oz surfactant per 100 gallons spray water) in the spray tank. To prevent possible spotting, use the 0.05% concentration when high temperature (in excess of 86°F) weather conditions prevail or are anticipated. Do not use a surfactant concentration greater than 0.1%. To reduce foaming, add the adjuvant last and minimize agitation.

ReTain may be applied in a single application of 1 to 2 packets per acre (or less), or in two applications of 1 packet per acre (or less) each. See the Supplemental Label for additional information: http://bit.ly/2bar9gZ

ReTain has a 7 day pre-harvest interval (PHI) for Apple and Pear.”

Dr. Greene’s presentation slides on PGR use in apples from the 2015 UVM Apple Program/ VTGFA Winter Meeting can be found at: http://www.uvm.edu/~fruit/treefruit/tf_meetings/PGRsVTFGA15.pdf

Veraison in Vermont vineyards

By Terence Bradshaw

August 15, 2016

Grapes are at or near veraison in Vermont vineyards, which signals the start of fruit ripening. This is an important time of year for a few activities. First, bird damage can be expected to begin and increase as fruit ripen. Birds will harvest your berries just a day or two before you’re ready to, so if you don’t have damage yet, don’t think you’re out of the woods. Netting is the best method of protection. Auditory scare calls, propane cannons, and inflatable ‘used car lot’ balloons are sometimes used as well, but their effectiveness is questionable and their annoyance factor significant. Dr. Alan Eaton from the University of New Hampshire wrote a good guide on prevention of bird damage in fruit plantings, available at: https://extension.unh.edu/resources/files/Resource001797_Rep2514.pdf.

Now is the time for plant tissue testing as well. Petiole samples may be collected at bloom or veraison, and comparisons between years or blocks should be based on the same time of collection.

Samples should be collected separately for each cultivar or block. In each sample, a random collection of 75-100 petioles should be collected from throughout the planting. Petioles should be collected from the most recent fully expanded leaf on the shoot, not across from the fruit cluster as is collected for a bloom sample. Just remove the whole leaf and snip the petiole (the leaf ‘stem’ off with your pruners. Gently wash each sample in water with a drop of dish detergent, then rinse fully and place in an open-top paper bag to dry. The closest analytical lab for grape petiole analysis is the Cornell Nutrient Analysis Laboratory . Please note that they now have partnered with Agro-One Services. It is recommended that you contact them before you send any samples to confirm that recommendations will be sent along with the analysis and to confirm costs.
Video about petiole sampling: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8EHbojLfXek

Start making plans for harvest and crush now. This may be a good time to thin out any lagging ‘green’ clusters that developed from secondary buds and are lagging in ripeness. Remember, you’re looking for crop uniformity. You can estimate yield by counting clusters on a few representative vines and multiplying by the typical cluster weight for your vineyard. If this is unknown, use 0.25 pounds (113 grams) per cluster, which is the average we have recorded at the UVM vineyard for Minnesota cultivars from 2010-2015. Your formula should look like this:

Estimated tons/acre = average # clusters/vine * 0.25 lbs/cluster * # vines per acre /2000 (pounds per ton)

For the UVM vineyard, where we have 726 vines per acre [43560 sq feet/acre / (6 feet between vines * 10 feet between rows)] = 726, the crop estimate for 50 clusters per vine is:

4 tons/acre = 50 * 0.25 * 726 / 2000

Four tons per acre is a good crop for mature, healthy vines for most cold climate cultivars; some vigorous vines in good health may support higher crop yield but I wouldn’t push mush more than 5.5 tons per acre lest you compromise ripening. If you have too many clusters, thin out the smallest and greenest ones to get your target cluster number. This exercise will help you plan lugs, bins, and tank space, as well as allow you to communicate that information to any wineries you plan to sell to.

July 2016 News You Can Use – Canopy Management and Light Interception

http://northerngrapesproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/July-2016-News-You-Can-Use-canopy-mgmt-and-exposure.pdf

News You Can Use

Canopy Management and Light Interception

July 2016

Shoot tipping and basal leaf removal in Frontenac training systems trials in Clayton, NY.

(photo by T. Martinson).

Canopy management involves manipulation of vine growth to achieve production goals such as optimizing light interception, managing disease pressure, adjusting cropping levels or maximizing fruit quality. Site selection, grape variety, training system, soil fertility, and water management will all influence the amount of canopy management needed throughout the season. However, canopy management is labor intensive, so it is important to understand the costs and benefits associated with these practices. Mike White and Tim Martinson covered various canopy management practices, and the economics of them, in the February 2012 Webinar “Nuts and Bolts of Canopy Management.”

As canopy management affects light exposure to the clusters, this month we will also review the work being done in Clayton, NY, looking at the difference in fruit chemistry between shaded and exposed clusters of Marquette and Frontenac. In short, clusters exposed to sunlight have lower titratable acidity and higher soluble solids at harvest than clusters that are shaded. A research report from the Year 4 Northern Grapes Project Progress Report has complete details.

February 2012 Webinar “Nuts and Bolts of Canopy Management” http://youtu.be/eBGfmsSVJsM

Research Report “Impact of Shading on Frontenac & Marquette Fruit Composition” http://northerngrapesproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/NY-shaded-vs-exposed-Year-4.pdf

Additional Info: 2016 Preliminary Results. This year we are looking at ways to increase light interception by using a rake wire and “downward shoot positioning,” along with cluster-zone leaf removal, on high cordon-trained Frontenac at Clayton. The two-factor experiment involves:

1. Use of a rake wire to constrain canopy (Y or N)

2. Shoot combing and/or leaf removal in the cluster zone.

Rake Wire: Two moveable wires on each side of the canopy were used to constrain the canopy downward. They were at the top of the canopy at the start of the season and were moved down, with shoots tucked behind them, as the season progressed.

Last week we used a light meter to compare ambient light to the light reaching the cluster zone in this experiment. Preliminary results showed that shoot combing + the rake wire resulted in elevated light exposure – the range of values indicated by box plots below being similar to the “Rake Wire + Leaf Removal” treatment. Compare to the ‘no rake wire’ values at the left.

e will collect samples to compare fruit composition under these treatments this fall.

The Northern Grapes Project is funded by the USDA’s Specialty Crops Research Initiative Program of the National Institute for Food and Agriculture, Project #2011-51181-30850