Home | Introduction | Literature Review | Data and Analysis | Conclusion

Scholarly Sources

Bollett, A. J. (1992). Politics and Pellagra: The Epidemic of Pellagra in the U.S. in the Early Twentieth Century. The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 65(3), 211–221. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2589605/pdf/yjbm00051-0058.pdf

Bracken, M. B. (2013). Risk, Chance, and Causation: Investigating the Origins and Treatment of Disease. In Risk, Chance, and Causation: Investigating the Origins and Treatment of Disease (pp. 1-14). Yale University Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt32bxq3.5

Chacko, E. (2005). Understanding the Geography of Pellagra in the United States: The role of social and place-based identities. Gender, Place & Culture, 12(2), 197–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/09663690500094849

Clay, K., Schmick, E., & Troesken, W. (2019). The Rise and Fall of Pellagra in the American South. The Journal of Economic History, 79(1), 32–62. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050718000700

Cope, M. (2023). Working and Schooling: A Critical Geography of Child Labor and Compulsory Education Laws in the Early Twentieth-Century United States. In Critical Geographies of Youth: Law, Policy and Power (pp. 21-46). West Virginia University Press.

Crabb, M. K. (1992). An Epidemic of Pride: Pellagra and the Culture of the American South. Anthropologica, 34(1), 89-103. https://doi.org/10.2307/25605634

Duffy, J. (1992). The Sanitarians: A History of American Public Health (pp. 229-265). University of Illinois Press.

Engelhardt, E. S. D. (2011). A Mess of Greens: Southern Gender and Southern Food (pp. 119-162). University of Georgia Press.

Etheridge, E. (1972). The Butterfly Caste. Greenwood Publishing Company.

Marks, H. M. (2003). Epidemiologists Explain Pellagra: Gender, Race, and Political Economy in the Work of Edgar Sydenstricker. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 58(1), 34–55. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/58.1.34

Roe, D. A. (1973). A Plague of Corn: The Social History of Pellagra. Cornell University Press.

Vecchio, D. C., & Walker, M. (2019). The Scourge of the South: Pellagra and Poverty in Spartanburg’s Mill Villages. In T. P. Grady & A. H. Myers (Eds.), Recovering the Piedmont Past, Volume 2: Bridging the Centuries in the South Carolina Upcountry, 1877-1941 (pp. 58-71). University of South Carolina Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv6mtf1c.8

Primary Sources

Acres in Farms Operated By Colored Farmers [Map]. In SocialExplorer.com. Census 1930.

Child with pellagra showing skin discoloration. (1914). In National Library of Medicine. https://digital.library.sc.edu/exhibits/hillasheriff/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2017/02/child-pellagrin-208×300.jpg

Deaderick, W. H., & Thompson, L. O. (1916). Child with pellagra skin eruption on her face. In Reynolds-Finley Historical Library. https://library.uab.edu/images/reynolds-finley/collections/regional-history/pellagra-child-no-caption.jpg

Goldberger, J. (1964). Goldberger on Pellagra (M. Terris, Ed.). Louisiana State University Press: Baton Rouge.

Hine, L. W., photographer. (1908) Newberry Mills, S.C. Noon hour. All are working here. Witness, Sara R. Hine. Location: Newberry, South Carolina. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress. https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/nclc/01400/01476v.jpg#h=739&w=1024

Illiterate Population 10 Years of Age And Over [Map]. In SocialExplorer.com. Census 1930.

Lavinder, C. H. (1912). The Prevalence and Geographic Distribution of Pellagra in the United States. Public Health Reports (1896-1970), 27(50), 2076–2088. https://doi.org/10.2307/4568999

Lee, R., photographer. (1939) Mother and child, relief clients near Jefferson, Texas. The mother has had pellagra in advanced state but has had some treatment. The child has rickets. Has never talked though two years old. The child has never been taken to a doctor. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress. https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/fsa/8b21000/8b21300/8b21353v.jpg#h=780&w=1024

Lee, R., photographer. (1939) Mother and child. This woman, wife of an ex-farmer now living on relief, had pellagra in an advanced stage. She has had some treatment and shown great improvement but there were still evidences of mental disturbance. She was the mother of twelve children. The child in her arms has malaria as have probably the entire family. Jefferson, Texas. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress. https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/fsa/8b21000/8b21400/8b21427v.jpg#h=1024&w=791

Lee, R., photographer. (1939) Two children of family living on relief near Jefferson, Texas. These children did not attend school because of lack of warm clothes and indifference of mother who was sick with pellagra. Note baby’s cradle. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress. https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/fsa/8b21000/8b21300/8b21350v.jpg#h=783&w=1024

Mississippi. State Board of Health. (1915). A statistical report of pellagra in Mississippi and suggestions to the Legislature relative to its prevention and cure. Jackson. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011270057/Home

Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Jean Blackwell Hutson Research and Reference Division, The New York Public Library. (1924). A 7-year-old cotton picker. https://images.nypl.org/index.php?id=1235231&t=w

U.S. Food Administration. (1918) “Beat the boll weevil.” https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/%22Beat_the_boll_weevil…With_a_little_more_care_at_every_step_you-_not_the_weevils-_get_the_crop._Get_a_good_cotton…_-_NARA_-_512572.jpg/706px-%22Beat_the_boll_weevil…With_a_little_more_care_at_every_step_you-_not_the_weevils-_get_the_crop._Get_a_good_cotton…_-_NARA_-_512572.jpg?20111023042035

Wolcott, M. P., photographer. (1939) Nurse Shamburg gives Viola Pettway instructions and help about her diet in treatment of pellagra. She has been sick about four years and is a little better now. Her mother has thirteen children and twenty-five dollars a month for all. Table top is made from cheese box. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress. https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/fsa/8c10000/8c10000/8c10021v.jpg#h=768&w=1024

Wolcott, M. P., photographer. (1939) Part of RR (Rural Rehabilitation) family, now dropped, children have hookworm, mother pellagra and milk leg, according to nurse’s report. Father works on WPA Work Projects Administration. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress. https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/fsa/8c35000/8c35700/8c35748v.jpg#h=759&w=1024