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Primary Sources

“Homes for Children Wanted.” The Lyons Daily News, January 11, 1912, p. 4, https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-lyons-daily-news-homes-for-children/25298760/ 

“New York Boys Sent to Virginia.” New York Tribune, April 7, 1880, p. 5, https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030214/1880-04-07/ed-1/?sp=5&q=boys&r=0.118,-0.021,0.637,0.3,0 

“Western Homes for City Children.” New York Tribune, January 21, 1880, p. 5, https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030214/1880-01-21/ed-1/?sp=5&st=image&r=-0.123,0.01,0.598,0.282,0 

“Two hundred ask for Homes Here.” Ottumwa Tri-weekly Courier, September 11, 1909, p. 2, https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86061215/1909-09-11/ed-1/?sp=2&q=orphan+children+find+new+homes&r=0.479,0.949,0.578,0.273,0 

Riis, Jacob A. (1888-1898). “Children’s Aid Society: Going West” [Photograph]. International Center of Photography, New York, NY, United States, https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/objects/childrens-aid-society-going-west

Riis, Jacob A. (1888-1889). “Street Arabs in Night Quarters” [Photograph]. Museum of the City of New York, New York, NY, United States, https://collections.mcny.org/asset-management/2F3XC5U9KLT5

Secondary Sources

Birk, M. (2012). Supply and Demand: The Mutual Dependency of Children’s Institutions and The American Farmer. Agricultural History, 86(1), 78–103. https://doi.org/10.3098/ah.2012.86.1.78 

Cook, J. F. (2017). A history of placing-out: The orphan trains. A History of Child Welfare, 175–191. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351315920-10 https://www.jstor.org/stable/45399030 

Creagh, D. (2012). The Baby Trains: Catholic Foster Care and Western Migration, 1873-1929. Journal of Social History, 46(1), 197–218. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41678982 

Gish, C. (1999). Rescuing the “Waifs and Strays” of the City: The Western Emigration Program of the Children’s Aid Society. Journal of Social History, 33(1), 121–141. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3789463 

Figure 2, Pioneer Press. (2015, November 14). “orphan train” riders share common bond. Twin Cities. https://www.twincities.com/2007/09/18/orphan-train-riders-share-common-bond/  

Rohs, E., & Estrine, J. (2012). New York City in the Nineteenth Century. In Raised by the Church: Growing up in New York City’s Catholic Orphanages (pp. 13–20). Fordham University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt13wzxsn.8

Sokoloff, B. Z. (1993). Antecedents of American Adoption. The Future of Children, 3(1), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.2307/1602399