Primary Sources

Bain News Service, P. Children looking at Xmas toys in shop window. [No Date Recorded on Caption Card] [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2014684429/

Beyer, C. E. (Mortenson), & Skinner, M. E. (1931). Children of working mothers in Philadelphia. part 1. the working mothers. Children’s Bureau. https://www.mchlibrary.org/history/chbu/20660.PDF

Flexner, J. A., & Manning, L. (1933). Child labor: Facts and figures . Children’s Bureau.https://www.mchlibrary.org/history/chbu/20648-1933.PDF

Gardner, E., & Legg, C. E. (1931). Leisure-time activities of rural children in selected areas of West Virginia. Children’s Bureau. https://www.mchlibrary.org/history/chbu/20657.PDF

Harris & Ewing, photographer. (1934) Children Playing With Toys. United States, 1934. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2016890323/

Lange, D., photographer. (1936) Child of impoverished Negro tenant family working on farm. Alabama
. United States Alabama, 1936. July. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2017762962/

Lee, R., photographer. (1936) Lois Madsen playing the piano in the home of her father, Harry Madsen, owner-operator of three hundred and sixty acre farm near Dickens, Iowa. Suggest this as contrast showing difference in opportunity offered children in owner-operated farms and that offered in poorer tenant or hired hand homes
. United States Clay County Iowa Dickens, 1936. Dec. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2017763350/

Mydans, C., photographer. (1935) Poor children playing on sidewalk, Georgetown, Washington, D.C. Washington D.C. United States District of Columbia Washington D.C, 1935. Sept. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2017713974/

Mydans, C., photographer.(1936) Untitled photo, possibly related to: Part of John Cain family who live in this three-room house near Ashland, Missouri. University of Missouri game and arboretum project. Missouri Ashland United States, 1936. May. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2017767070/

Scholarly Sources

Birk, M. (2019). Poor placed-out girls: The rural household economy and the value of girlhood in the US. Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth, 12(3), 353-373. doi:https://doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2019.0040 

Jacobson, L. (2004). Raising Consumers: Children and the American Mass Market in the Early Twentieth Century (R. D. G. KELLEY & J. RADWAY, Eds.). Columbia University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/jaco11388

Lebergott, S. (1996). APPENDIX B: STATE ESTIMATES. In Consumer Expenditures: New Measures and Old Motives (pp. 187–248). Princeton University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7zvn2s.17 

Matt, S. J. (2002). Children’s Envy and the Emergence of the Modern Consumer Ethic, 1890-1930. Journal of Social History, 36(2), 283–302. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3790111

 Steckel, R. H., & Moehling, C. M. (2001). Rising Inequality: Trends in the Distribution of Wealth in Industrializing New England. The Journal of Economic History, 61(1), 160–183. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2697859