Introduction | Literature Review | Data Analysis | Conclusion | Sources

Primary Sources

A School Garden, Where Work Is Play. , ca. 1919. Oct. 6. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/2004671735.

Barney, M. W. (1919) Follow the Pied Piper. Join the United States School Garden Army. United States, 1919. [Washington, D.C.: The Graphic Company, ?] [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/95506493.

Bureau of Education, & Francis, J. H., 1919 Bulletin: The United States School Garden Army 1–6 (1919). Washington D. C.; US Bureau of Education.

Crofutt, G. A. (ca. 1873) American Progress. , ca. 1873. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/97507547.

Dingo, J. N. (1918) Registered War Garden under protection of State Council of Defense / J. N. Dingo ; Engraved by Barnes-Crosby Company. United States, 1918. [Chicago: R.R. Donnelley & Sons Co] [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/00653319.

Dumond, F. V. (1917) Liberty sowing the seeds of victory / Frank V. DuMond. United States, 1917. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/2002709064.

Helping Hoover in our U.S. school garden. United States, 1919. [New York: American Lithographic Co] [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/99471812.

Hine, L. W., photographer. (1917) School garden – Jefferson School. See Bliss report.Location: Muskogee, Oklahoma / Lewis W. Hine. Oklahoma Muskogee United States, 1917. March. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/2018678186.

Johnston, F. B., photographer. (1899) Kindergarten in a vegetable garden, Washington, D.C. Washington D.C, 1899. [?] [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/2001703638.

My daddy bought me a government bond of the Third Liberty Loan–Did yours? (1917). The United States Printing & Lithograph Co., New York. United States, 1917. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/2002707404.

Total Number of Farms [Map]. In SocialExplorer.com. Census 1890 Retrieved 4 December 2024, from https://www.socialexplorer.com/d3cdf4a303/view

Total Number of Farms [Map]. In SocialExplorer.com. Census 1920 Retrieved 4 December 2024, from https://www.socialexplorer.com/d3cdf4a303/view

United States. Bureau of Education. (1918). Health education. Washington: [publisher not identified].

United States Department of Agriculture. (n.d.-a). Small agriculture: A National Agricultural Library Digital Exhibit. USDA National Agricultural Library. https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/ipd/small/exhibits/show/school-gardens 

United States School Garden Army, Bureau of Education, Department of Interior. “Join the United States School Garden Army.” Special Collections, USDA National Agricultural Library. Accessed October 27, 2024, https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/items/show/231.

Urban Population of Cities With 25,000 People and Over [Map]. In SocialExplorer.com. Census 1890 Retrieved 4 December 2024, from https://www.socialexplorer.com/5313f6f265/view

Urban Population of Cities With 25,000 People and Over [Map]. In SocialExplorer.com. Census 1920 Retrieved 4 December 2024, from https://www.socialexplorer.com/5313f6f265/view

U.S. Census Bureau, United states summary: 2010 population and housing unit counts: 2010 census of Population and Housing 13–14 (2012). Washington, D.C.; U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau.

War Garden: Sheridan School. , None. [Between 1910 and 1920] [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/2016855238.

Scholarly Sources

Chudacoff, H. (2007). Children at Play: An American History. New York University Press.

Gagen, E. A. (2004). Making America flesh: physicality and nationhood in early twentieth-century physical education reform. Cultural Geographies, 11(4), 417-442. https://doi.org/10.1191/1474474004eu321oa

Hayden-Smith, Rose. (2007). “Soldiers of the Soil”: The Work of the United States Garden Army during World War I. Applied Environmental Education and Communication, 6(1), 19-29. https://​​10.1080/15330150701319453

Kohlstedt, S. G. (2008). “A Better Crop of Boys and Girls”: The School Gardening Movement, 1890-1920. History of Education Quarterly, 48(1), 58–93. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20462206 

Lawson, L. J. (2005). City bountiful : a century of community gardening in America. University of California Press.

Marten, J. A. (2018). The History of Childhood: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. 

Mills, S. (2012). ‘An instruction in good citizenship’: scouting and the historical geographies of citizenship education. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 38(1), 120-134. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2012.00500.x

Trelstad, B. (1997). Little Machines in Their Gardens: A History of School Gardens in America, 1891 to 1920. Landscape Journal, 16(2), 161–173. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43323438