Category: Blog

I wrote this as a discussion board post in my Sustainable Orchard Management course. A few students were talking about it, so I thought I’d give it a broader audience. -TB

It’s so easy to beat up on the old favorite. The apple that personifies American throwaway culture. The individually wrapped processed cheese slice of apples. The apple that teachers do not want students to put on their desk. I’m talking about Red Delicious. After class last week I took an RD with me and admired it on my dashboard as I made my way up Shelburne Rd to the Interstate. Once I was all set in my cruising lane and set to do a 35-minute drive on muscle memory. I decided to dive in.

The skin of a Red Delicious has a certain sort of smell. Since they are usually coming from a packing house some of that is probably due in no small part to the diphenylamine that the apples are dunked in before storage to prevent flesh breakdown in the cold room and the wax that is applied after they are pulled from their winter slumber and run over the pack line. Through that, you can smell the subtle aroma coming from the fruit itself. It’s like a muted form of Gala’s aroma- not all perfumey like McIntosh or candy and bubblegum like Honeycrisp. Red Delicious gives off a more austere aroma. It’s not begging for attention- it already commanded that with its deep crimson hue and distinctive shape.

As someone noted in class, the skin has a certain bitterness to it, but not like the bitter cider apples, whose tannins can make you feel like you’re chewing a tea bag. It’s like a little bit of medicine aftertaste in a gin and tonic. And that analogy may be a good one, as the red color in the skin is derived from anthocyanins which serve as important antioxidants that protect the fruit from sun and disease damage.  But remember that Red Delicious was selected for eating rather than cidermaking in the late 19th century when commercial orcharding for the fresh fruit market was in its infancy. Many apples had bitter skin and even flesh but were destined for the cider barrel or pig troughs. Red Delicious was among the first wave of fruit that were destined for fruit bowls on the tables of an emerging middle class in urban areas, which until recently were only filled seasonally, and rarely with attractive-looking apples that kids would happily pick up and eat.

That slightly bitter skin is a little thick, but easily bitten and chewed. The protective blanket is needed no more once the fruit has been bitten after attaining full ripeness. Aside from human intervention in selecting strains and managing cloned trees  all lined up in rows, remember that this apple was selected from a wild seedling. Red Delicious evolved its traits to first protect the fruit, then draw seed disperser’s attention to it, then to convince them to collect more so those seeds could spread across the countryside. The ultimate evolutionary trick of the Red Delicious was to convince an entire industry to propagate its genes and spread them around the world. While not what ‘nature intended’- that would be the spread of heterogeneous seedlings across a localized region, as far as a bird might fly or a deer may travel before pooping out seeds from its last meal, the spread of Red Delicious across the landscape is arguably an incredible quirk of the coevolution of the apple and human society.

This wouldn’t have happened if Red Delicious tasted like any old bitter, tart seedling that grew all over the Eastern U.S. by the time railroads were running goods all over the country. The flavor Red Delicious is often described as bland, but that subtlety which presents itself as all fruit, no bitter, and without the sharp acid bite typical of many fruit of the time. This was a revelation to a country that was becoming more civilized as it found its footing from rocky upstart beginning, a brash expansion across the continent and emerged from a Civil War to eventually find its feet and become a serious economic and cultural contender on the world stage. Red Delicious was selected to show that that impetuous brat the United States of America had gotten its act together, cleaned up, and now could present itself as responsible and civilized in a world of nations who had long grown out of those teenage years.

For the next fifty years, growers, packers, even consumers moved the definition of Red Delicious further toward that stylized ideal- perfect from the outside, uniform in thought and agreement, displaying its superiority more and more with each new selection. Sure, we may have overshot the style over substance a bit. But the fact remains that Delicious built an industry, and that industry mimicked the rise of a nation into one that commanded respect on the world stage. Maybe the current hate for Red Delicious is analogous to the erosion in confidence of our capitalist system. But maybe the replacement of Red Delicious with other fruit whose own traits for superior aroma, taste, and visual display is an example of capitalism done right- the consumer has been speaking for decades that they want more, and they are getting it with all the new apples that have pushed Delicious to the wayside. Like recent ancestors from 3,4,5 generations ago who helped to found society as we know it- warts and all- Red Delicious made its mark on history, and the apple industry may not be where it is today had it not been found by Jesse Hiatt growing on a riverbank in Peru, Iowa in 1872.

Red Delicious Apples Weren’t Always Horrible – New England

“DEI work” is a known ‘thing’ in academia, as it should be. I have attended numerous trainings redesigned courses, and thoughtfully considered my place and privilege in this academic as well as the broader world for most of my adult life. But until last winter, I had never sat down and written my ‘DEI Statement’. This is a common component of job applications, as it should be. Such statements don’t call on one to adopt prescriptive ideologies, they just ask you to consider your place in a diverse world and reflect on how you can improve on it. I wrote my first such piece when I applied for the Department Chair job that I now hold.

My daughter recently had to write such a piece, although it was disguised in a college entrance essay prompt that did not ask explicitly for a DEI statement, which caused me to bring mine up as an example of what they were looking for, albeit in 1/10th of the words. What I re-read still stands, so I’ll post it here.

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December 21, 2022

The work of a Chair to support Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) initiatives is critical to the success of the department. DEI efforts cannot be performative nor token, but rather must become a core part of the unit’s culture if we are going thrive moving forward. We all know of the shifts occurring in the northeast that will continue to reduce college-aged students in the region while shifting their demographic makeup for the foreseeable future. While the change is relatively slow at UVM, enrollment of students who identify as Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander or two or more races is increasing at colleges nationally; women continue to outnumber male students nearly two-to-one; and demands for sensitivity and understanding around gender, cultural, and other identities require an intentional approach to DEI programs.

We must approach this work with humility and respect for others; it is a dangerous position to continue injustices by presenting as if one’s own experiences should dictate department policy or standards. As with all other components of leading a department from within, DEI work must come through a shared process so that all of the group participates, under-represented individuals are not over-tasked with the effort to achieve representation and advance positive outcomes, and all enjoy the benefits of an improved climate that is welcoming to current and future students, staff, faculty, and the broader community we serve.

To me, a commitment to DEI means treating people with respect and helping where you can to address past and present conditions of inequity. That’s a pretty simple definition that covers a very complex set of problems, but it is a useful aphorism that can guide our work in a meaningful way.

As PSS Chair, I will support and advance DEI efforts in four ways. First, I will extend my approach toward inclusion and meeting people where they are in good faith in all interactions I have in the position.   Second, I will commit to full PSS participation in UVM and CALS DEI efforts, including formal and informal trainings and activities that bring faculty, staff, and students together for intentional work to further education and action in the area. This includes needed considerations in hiring and recruitment of faculty, staff, and students of color and from other underrepresented groups. Third, I will promote inclusive design and teaching in the PSS curriculum by working with faculty and graduate students on necessary course adjustments and pedagogical training. Finally, I will work with PSS and CALS to ensure that our representation among the communities and our outward presentation is welcoming to and supportive of diverse audiences.

I will call out my own origin that informs where I stand in this environment. I am white, upper middle class, cis-male, heterosexual, and married in a nuclear family. This represents the dominant position for those in power in western culture, and in academia in particular. I recognize that my voice is, by its nature, louder and more dominant, and that I need to intentionally soften it and support other voices around me. That said, I am also a first-generation University student. I grew up poor, in a community that by modern (and even by contemporary in many communities) standards accepted and promoted racism and other forms of exclusionary bigotry. The culture of academia was unknown in my household, and the Ivory Tower held with a bit of suspicion and derision as out-of-touch with working class values.

Upon graduating from high school and entering my young adult years, I knew very consciously that I needed to shed some baggage and learn more about the world, and soon. My life from 18-22 was eye-opening, and I know I made a lot of mistakes. It did not take long to learn that my sheltered existence was very limited in scope, and not representative of the world at-large. At the same time, I understood the frustrations felt by a white, rural Vermont community that continued to watch its foundations weaken as farms and schools closed, the once self-sufficient town became a bedroom community for service jobs many miles away, and long-time residents found themselves priced out of the housing market. This pattern exists across the U.S. and explains a good bit of the rural-urban divide that plays out even in seemingly similar and close towns as Chelsea and Montpelier, VT. Ignoring those frustrations and the causes behind them does not well serve the purposes of advancing DEI efforts. I can connect with people to facilitate discussion in difficult places because of where I came from, and through who I have become now as I continue to work toward a more conscious state. In my professional career, I have made a deliberate effort to bridge ideologies and audiences and to intentionally reach across divides.

I have valued and prioritized DEI in my teaching and outreach in a number of ways. Since increasing my teaching load in 2018, I have intentionally increased course materials to focus on diversity and inclusiveness issues in agriculture. My guest speaker list across my two spring courses is now majority BIPOC or non-male identifying, and we have substantial sections in several of my courses on migrant labor issues and institutionalized racism in USDA programs. A visit to a commercial orchard in my PSS 221 course where Jamaican workers were seen buzzing about the farm in a busy harvest turned into an hour-long impromptu discussion of the ethics and realities of migrant farm labor in that industry. In CDAE 208 Agriculture Policy and Ethics, two of my highest-rated guest speakers annually are a conventional Iowa crop farmer who explains the motivations for farmers like him to adopt certain farming practices or to participate in particular government programs and a migrant farmworker from Veracruz, Mexico who describes his first-hand experience working in the Vermont food system. I have developed great respect for these now friends and share their stories with students in good faith and cultivate meaningful discussion from them. I also include a discussion of current events into all of my courses and relate the news- which often contains timely cultural components- to the material at-hand.

My ratings on DEI topics from students reflect their respect for this space that I provide in my courses, and I try to bring that mindset to my research, outreach, and management efforts as well. Whether working with Jamaican H2A workers in my research program (and living among them when I was farming); empowering the voices of migrant farmworkers in my Agricultural Policy and Ethics course; working with farmers in Lebanon and Tajikistan; or engaging with First-Gen students and faculty through formal and informal events, I try to approach the privilege I hold in my position at UVM to do better.

Sincerely,

Terence Bradshaw,

PSS Assistant Professor

Another year, another story on the egregious use of pesticides by Vermont farmers. A recent VPR story by John Dillon, titled “As Farmers Plant Cover Crops To Reduce Runoff, Report Says They Also Use More Herbicides”, is making the rounds in agriculture and food circles, raising eyebrows and calling for new rules against pesticide use. Unfortunately, the article and the report it draws upon are a gish-gallop of syllogism, innuendo, and poor data interpretation.

The article draws its story primarily from a ‘report’ by retired state chemist Nat Shambaugh, who spent his career measuring and analyzing residues in soils and waterways for the Vermont Agency of Agriculture, Food, and Markets (VAAFM). I have seen Nat’s presentations, as I served as chair of the Vermont Pollinator Protection Committee in 2016-2017. He tells a compelling story, and from the article, I thought he’d pulled his slide deck into a summarized report culled from publicly-available data informed by his years on the job. Unfortunately, we have to click two links out of the article, one rather deep into the website of the Lake Champlain Basin Program Citizen Advisory Council to find that this was not a peer-reviewed, written report. Rather the main source for this somewhat inflammatory story was another evening slide show at a public meeting with only spoken analysis that was reported by Dillon, who does not have expertise in pesticide policy. Such a stack of evidence makes for a weak policy argument.

Let’s get this out of the way first- Vermont farmers use pesticides, and cornfields are a major application site. That’s not in question here. I have seen a shift in the past 25 years that I have been in this field toward reduced pesticide inputs and reduced toxicity of those inputs overall. In field crops, those can be linked to three main factors: the regulatory ‘sticks’ that were the Food Quality Protection Act of 1995, which curtailed the use of many of the riskiest pesticides used in agriculture  and the adoption of required Best Management Practices in Vermont in 2016, and the ‘carrot’ of conservation agriculture, which includes cover cropping and no-till planting and has led to marked improvements in soil health and reduced nutrient and soil runoff into waterways in Vermont.

As farming has changed, pesticide use has been reduced overall, and the toxicity of those materials used has dropped precipitously. A report from the USDA Economic Research Service reviewed pesticide use from 1960-2008 on 21 major crops in the U.S., and found a decrease in use rate, toxicity, and persistence of pesticides overall starting in the 1970s, and continuing into the modern, Conservation Agriculture period. While Shambaugh criticizes farmers and VAAFM for not aiming to reduce pesticide use as a general policy, one could argue that modern farming methods have done just that, and we have found a balance of the minimum it takes to produce crops on the scale adopted, and generally required, by farmers to be successful in today’s economy. Calls for increased use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) on farms do not reflect that IPM already is the standard for most commercial crops in the region and has been for decades. Farmers and service providers like private crop consultants and Extension staff and faculty have worked together to develop and implement systems that balance biology, economics, and, yes, chemistry, to develop a sustainable farming system.

Because there is a general aversion to chemicals that is easily consumed by the reading public, it is easy to spin a tale by loading scary statistics into an article without context, as was done in this case. Much of Shambaugh’s report was derived from publicly-available pesticide application data from VAAFM. As mentioned in the article, pesticide use is self-reported by applicators in Vermont, but an important component was not mentioned: only commercial and government applicators are required to submit those records into the state’s database. Private applicators are required to track every use and must maintain records on file, but those data are not represented in use statistics. We can debate the merits of tracking such uses separately, but a critical and missing point in the presentation of this data that shows increasing pesticide use on a decreasing acreage of corn misses an important trend. As field sizes, and thus equipment investment, have increased, and the use of cover crops has made application timing more critical, many farms now contract their spraying out to the commercial applicators whose data are recorded in the state records. This means that farmers (private applicators) who used to apply pesticides but did not need to report are hiring custom (commercial) applicators who have to report every application. Without knowledge of the scope of that increase in reporting, we could blindly argue that the data are capturing more of possibly declining pesticide use in the state, just as much as Shambaugh argues that the data shows an increase in actual use.

The article also plays the common Roundup card, as glyphosate, the active ingredient in that popular pesticide, has shown the greatest increase in the past twenty years, irrespective of how the data were collected. Unlike many reports from recent years that point to the potential carcinogenicity of glyphosate, Dillon only points to the settlements in class action lawsuits against Bayer, maker of the Roundup brand. Multiple, scientific reviews for decades have consistently disputed the carcinogenicity claim, and every regulatory agency in the world has agreed with that assessment. The sole advisory body whose assessment the entire cancer case against glyphosate is built upon is an outlier among hundreds of reviews, and its determination of glyphosate as a likely carcinogen is highly suspect. Because the safety of glyphosate could not be successfully argued in the regulatory arena, that sole report serves as the basis for the class action cases staffed by late-night TV lawyers who see a potential cash windfall through abuse of tort law. Dillon’s article also cites a citizen report that highlights numerous other ecological and human harms of glyphosate, but ignores the contradictory findings from experts and regulatory agencies that weeded through the evidence presented therein and found much of it to be shoddy or of limited statistical or biological relevance. We could carry on discussing glyphosate for days, but thankfully, Dillon and Shambaugh moved on to other concerns. The fact remains that glyphosate and other herbicides are critical tools in the implementation of conservation agriculture at any meaningful scale, and that soil health has immensely improved as a result of its increased adoption.

Other pesticides, including atrazine and neonicotinoid insecticides, are referenced in the article, and in further detail in Shambaugh’s slide deck. We can agree that many of the compounds measured and reported in his data are of concern. However, there is no attempt made to report the scale or frequency of the high runoff events he cites.  The data are cherry-picked, and present an illusion of a chemical wasteland surrounding agricultural fields. I don’t disagree that treatments prior to rainfall events or misapplications result in inacceptable runoff- it was the very data presented in his testimony to the pollinator committee that changed my mind to the idea that we need a better way to implement (or not, as may be the case) neonicotinoid seed treatments on crop seed. However, his presentation of this data would be strengthened by a complete analysis so that we may understand if the alarming instances he cites are commonplace or rare events. That his ‘gotcha’ slide showing dangerous levels of neonicotinoid runoff in single point collections on a single date in 2016 was the same one he showed us four years ago in his committee testimony suggests to me that he hasn’t made even a good faith attempt in the meantime at analyzing the data to show actual mean levels of pesticide runoff from Vermont farm fields.

There are multiple ways to maintain and improve soil health and water quality, and Vermont’s farmers across all ideological spectrums and management systems are doing just that. The 2020 report from the Vermont Clean Water Initiative indicates just how far the agriculture community has come in addressing pollution to Lake Champlain from all sources.  For example, 38% of phosphorus pollution in the watershed is attributed to agricultural sources. While not a majority cause of P pollution, the agricultural sector is responsible for over 95% of the reduction in P loading into the watershed in recent years. That huge reduction in pollution from adoption of Conservation Agriculture is attained at a far lower cost  than other mechanisms, such as stormwater treatment or retrofitting wastewater treatment plants.  Farmers are using herbicides and other tools to achieve huge improvements in environmental quality throughout Vermont, and that is not to be discounted. A 2018 report from the Union of Concerned Scientists ranks Vermont first in the nation for adoption of conservation practices, and Vermont farmers also lead the nation in the amount of cover cropped farm acreage. These practices are paying off: the NRCS Rapid Carbon Assessment indicates that Vermont farms are sequestering carbon at an incredible rate, indicated by 5.6% soil organic matter in Vermont samples compared to 3.2% nationally (a 75% increase!). Clearly, we need to balance measurable improvements in soil health and water quality against speculative and specious claims of pesticide pollution.

Dialogue on agricultural pesticides is difficult. On the one hand, they are critical tools to ensure farm profitability, food safety, and a consistent and resilient food supply. They are also burdened with the baggage of unregulated development and use more than fifty years ago before the advent or modern and effective regulation that included some truly nasty materials and rampant, negligent use. However, it is critical that we have this discussion with an agreed-upon slate of facts and valid data from which farmers, consumers, and environmentalists can have reasonable discussion. Clearly more data, and improved analysis of the data that we presently have, is needed to make sound decisions that protect consumers and the environment while promoting our agricultural economy. Dillon’s article, unfortunately, doesn’t offer that nuanced and robust information.

Terence Bradshaw. February 17, 2021.
with Heather Darby and Kirsten Workman
UVM Extension

This week a terrible explosion occurred in the port of Beirut, the capital of Lebanon. Well over 100 are dead, thousands are wounded, and the city is heavily damaged. This is a city that certainly knows explosions- for most Americans, we think of the Lebanese Civil War, or maybe the Syrian occupation, or the Israeli attacks on the country, which have all happened in the past four decades. This time, it appears that the cause was an accident, fueled by gross negligence when 2,700 tons of highly explosive ammonium nitrate fertilizer was allowed to be kept in a warehouse in poor storage conditions in the port for over six years. That’s what blew up. For reference, the Oklahoma City bombing of 1995 was conducted using two tons of the same material.

Before the blast, it was already caught in a financial and political crisis, as well as a COVID crisis. I spent two weeks in the country in 2018 and consider it a true gem that deserves better than the world, and especially Lebanese politicians, give it. Her people are among the friendliest and most generous that I’ve met. The Lebanese countryside is simply gorgeous, and the history is uniquely unlike any in the region.

Lebanon needs help. I am going to reprint a recent New York Times article on how to assist in the cleanup and rebuilding of this city and nation, for those with an NYT subscription (copyright be damned). Thanks for anything you can do.

How to Help Lebanon After Beirut Explosion

As the search for survivors continues, aid groups have mobilized to help the thousands of people wounded by the blast, and the hundreds of thousands of others who have been made homeless.

By Elian Peltier

The enormous explosion that leveled parts of Beirut, Lebanon, on Tuesday killed at least 137 people and injured more than 4,000 others, overwhelming the authorities and damaging many hospitals and critical facilities.

Rescue workers were struggling to treat the wounded in the aftermath of the blast, which was powerful enough to be felt more than 150 miles away in Cyprus.

As the desperate search for survivors continues, with teams scouring through rubble from homes, twisted metal from cars, broken windows and other debris, groups around the world have moved to help. For those looking for ways to give support, here is a list of 10 organizations and initiatives operating in the country.

• The Lebanese Red Cross is the main provider of ambulance services in Lebanon, and said it would dispatch every ambulance from North Lebanon, Bekaa and South Lebanon to Beirut to treat the wounded and help in search-and-rescue operations. You can make a one-time contribution here. The British Red Cross has also set up an emergency fund.
• The United Nations’ World Food Program provides food to people displaced or made homeless after the blast. Lebanon imports nearly 85 percent of its food, and the port of Beirut, the epicenter of the explosion, played a central role in that supply chain. With the port now severely damaged, food prices are likely to be beyond the reach of many. You can donate here.
• The nongovernmental organization Humanity and Inclusion has 100 workers in Lebanon, including physical therapists, psychologists and social workers. They are focusing on post-surgical therapy in Beirut following the explosion. You can make a single or monthly contribution here.
• International Medical Corps is deploying medical units and will provide mental health care to those affected in Lebanon. The humanitarian aid organization also provides health services to Syrian refugees in Lebanon, and vulnerable Lebanese. You can donate here.
• Islamic Relief, which specializes in food aid and emergency response, is helping to put a supply chain in place for emergency aid in Beirut. You can donate here.
• In a study released in late July, Save the Children warned that over 900,000 people, including more than 550,000 children, did not have enough money to buy basic goods like food. With the situation likely to worsen after the explosion, they have launched a Lebanon’s children relief fund, to which you can donate here.
• UNICEF, the United Nations agency specializing in aid to children, is providing medical and vaccine supplies in Beirut, and supplying drinking water to rescue workers at the Beirut port. Its on-the-ground team is also counseling children traumatized by the blast. You can donate here.
• Impact Lebanon, a nonprofit organization, has set up a crowdfunding campaign to help organizations on the ground, and is helping to share information about people still missing after the explosion. The group had raised over $3 million as of Wednesday and donated the first $100,000 to the Lebanese Red Cross.
• The health care organization Project HOPE is bringing medical supplies and protective gear to Beirut and assisting the authorities on the ground. A donation page is available here.
• Over 300,000 people in Beirut were displaced from their homes by the explosion. Baytna Baytak, a charity that provided free housing to health care workers during the coronavirus pandemic, is now raising funds with Impact Lebanon to shelter those who have been displaced.
• For those in Beirut, here is a list of urgent blood needs. Several social media accounts have also been set up to help locate victims.

Agricultural pesticides are regularly in the news these days. Whether it’s another court ruling against a pesticide company for contributing to a victim’s cancer diagnosis, a contrary scientific safety review that declares that same herbicide is likely not carcinogenic, or the impacts of a popular class of insecticides on bee populations, it seems that every day we hear more evidence that would support just banning pesticides altogether. That sentiment is shared by many supporters of the “Poison-Free Food & Farming by 2030” campaign. There will be a public event on May 6, 2019 at the Vermont State House to commemorate and gather public support for this pledge.

A move toward banning pesticides as a public policy initiative would be disastrous, and would be counter to the great advances that have been made in food security, environmental protection, and public health in the past five decades since modern pesticide policy began to address the harms caused by unregulated use of pesticides and other agrichemicals, particularly from the 19030s-1960s. In light of legitimate and well-documented environmental and human health problems caused by a lack of pesticide regulation, the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) was passed in 1972 which gave the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency power to license and regulate pesticide sales and use. Almost immediately, several noteworthy pesticides were banned in the U.S. The regulatory system established under FIFRA set science-based limits on pesticide uses and calls for re-review of pesticides at regular intervals. Adoption of the Worker Protection Standard (WPS, passed 1995, updated 2015) and Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA, 1996) continue to refine pesticide policy in the U.S. for the better (Reeves, McGuire et al. 2019).

As a result, pesticides present less of a threat to workers, public health, or the environment than at any time in the last half-century. Pesticide use on a pounds per-acre basis peaked in 1980, and measures of both environmental persistence and toxicity have declined steadily in recent decades (Fernandez-Cornejo, Nehring et al. 2014). Dr. Charles Benbrook, a frequent critic of pesticide use, credited the FQPA with providing “dramatic” reductions in pesticide risk since the 1990s (Benbrook 2012). The WPS and the recent revisions made to it are credited as a “significant step forward to a cleaner, safer and more just environment” for farm workers.

That does not mean that there aren’t potential and real issues with pesticide use in the U.S. However, since the 1970s, substantial effort and investment in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs has been expended by state and federal governments, University and other public scientists, industry groups (including agrichemical companies), private consultants, non-governmental organizations, and farmers themselves. IPM is a holistic program that utilizes multiple levels of management including cultural, physical, and biological practices before chemical application to best manage crops and pests, and is the ‘standard’ system used by conventional producers of many crops. The adoption of IPM across the food system in the U.S. deserves credit for the gains that have been made not only in ensuring that pesticides are applied responsibly and with the least non-target impacts, but also with producing the healthiest and most abundant food supply in human history.

There remain many issues with the use of pesticides and other chemicals in agriculture, and everyone along the production and support chains is doing their part to address them. But pesticides are a critically important component to maintaining a safe and affordable food supply while promoting farmer livelihood. Work needs to be done to improve systems, especially in countries where little to no protections or other regulatory instruments to protect workers and the public are available. But despite pest management practices that are used on farms, yield losses of 17-30% are common for staple crops worldwide, with losses greatest in the countries that can least afford to lose that food. (Savary, Willocquet et al. 2019). Without crop protection, including the responsible use of pesticides, we could expect 50-80% losses  from pests for many crops (Oerke and Dehne 2004). That is unacceptable in a modern society, especially when memories of widespread food shortages and famines are only a few decades in our past.

The agricultural systems that produce our food are much refined from the 1950s and 1960s when the conflation of modern farming and cheap, effective, and, yes, often dangerous pesticides combined to rapidly increase food supply and security in the U.S. and worldwide. Fixation on chemicals from 60 years ago blinds us to the incremental progress that has transformed the food supply in that time. Denigrating important tools as “poisons” ignores the protections that have been developed that have increased pesticide safety to workers by several orders of magnitude while essentially eliminating consumer risk from pesticide residues in our food supply. Our farmers and those of us that support them in their efforts deserve better, and the consumers that rely on the safe and abundant food supply available to them deserve facts, and not fear-based messaging.

Benbrook, C. (2012). “Impacts of changing pest management systems and organic production on tree fruit pesticide residues and risk.” Acta Hort 1001: 91-102.

Fernandez-Cornejo, J., R. F. Nehring, C. Osteen, S. Wechsler, A. Martin and A. Vialou (2014). “Pesticide use in US agriculture: 21 selected crops, 1960-2008.” (USDA ERS Bulletin Number 124).

Oerke, E.-C. and H.-W. Dehne (2004). “Safeguarding production—losses in major crops and the role of crop protection.” Crop protection 23(4): 275-285.

Reeves, W. R., M. K. McGuire, M. Stokes and J. L. Vicini (2019). “Assessing the Safety of Pesticides in Food: How Current Regulations Protect Human Health.” Advances in Nutrition 10(1): 80-88.

Savary, S., L. Willocquet, S. J. Pethybridge, P. Esker, N. McRoberts and A. Nelson (2019). “The global burden of pathogens and pests on major food crops.” Nature Ecology & Evolution 3(3): 430.

The need for farmers, scientists, regulators, and consumers to balance farming and food production systems with environmental conservation is only growing greater.  In many cases, this discussion gets framed by polarized views, with one side claiming that a return to low-tech solutions and an increase in agrarianism is best, while another responds with calls for technocratic solutions. Charles Mann highlighted this duality in his book The Wizard and the Prophet (Knopf, 2018, summarized briefly in the March 2018 issue of the Atlantic). While calls for Small Scale Organic vs Conventional Industrial Agriculture make for simplified debates, in reality, farms embrace multiple practices that could fit into both systems, often on the same farm or even in the same field. Like the realization that the U.S. is not divided into red and blue states but rather heterogeneous purple communities, agriculture is actually a pretty diverse field with a range of systems used. Much research on the matter concludes that that’s a good thing.

A recent review paper by Jules Pretty in Science [1] highlights the benefits of adopting progressive farming practices regardless of the ‘system’ that they may be ascribed to. The author posits that Sustainable Intensification (SI) may be a preferred system of farming that uses best practices based on their ability to “[maintain or increase production] while progressing toward substantial enhancement of environmental outcomes.” By selecting practices based on outcome rather than on input origin, the restrictive ideologies of competing systems may be cast aside and solutions chosen based on progress toward sustainability goals.

SI practices highlighted in the paper include efficiency, substitution, and redesign transitions in agricultural systems. Examples of those practices include, respectively: precision farming for improved fertilizer use efficiency; selection of disease-resistant plants that obviate the need for chemical inputs; and intentional design to harness biological systems, e.g. conserving natural predators of pests or soil improvement through crop rotations that benefit agricultural systems. I suggest that many farms are already practicing SI agriculture, even if they are considered ‘Conventional’, ‘Organic’, or whatever other label one wishes to use. However, my viewpoint if often blinded somewhat by my work in apple and grape systems in the northeast U.S., in which Integrated Pest Management (IPM), a key SI practice highlighted in the paper, is a mature field and is practiced to some degree on most, if not all farms that I work with [2-4]. Under IPM, crops and pests are managed using biological, cultural, and chemical contrails as dictated by a thorough understanding of crop condition, pest and predator populations, disease cycles, weather data, and economic thresholds for pest damage tolerance

However, IPM and Precision Agriculture are not as widely adopted in many regions and on many crops as on perennial fruit in Vermont. As Pretty highlights in his paper, great gains can be made in reducing environmental impact while increasing crop productivity by employing SI practices on farms. Figure 2 of the paper presents a pretty stunning picture of the value of adopting IPM specifically on farms in Africa and Asia, where farms that adopted SI practices increased mean yields by 41% while decreasing pesticide use by 31%. The application of knowledge- (rather than chemical-) intensive pest management and crop fertility systems are low-hanging fruit to improve agricultural sustainability, if only the application of information can be applied to management before resorting to agrochemical application. Knowledge of the farm system always makes for better application of farm inputs than shooting in the dark.

This same conclusion was reached in another recent paper in Nature [5] in which data from over 900 farms in France was analyzed to assess trends in crop production and pesticide use. Overall, it was concluded that French farms could reduce pesticide applications by about 40% on most farms without affecting production nor profitability. That French farms are among the highest per-hectare users of pesticides in the European Union, due in no small part to the importance of disease-prone winegrapes in the country, indicates that there is room for improvement through use of IPM.

Recent public pressure to reduce pesticide use, and, by proxy, system sustainability, on farms in France and elsewhere has often called for increasing, broad-stroke restrictions on certain pesticide products and uses. However, crop protection is a critical component of SI and Conservation Agriculture programs. The elimination of pesticide and other agrochemical inputs as a response to their improper overuse fails to credit their impact on increased crop yield and reduced yield stability [6, 7]. Call for reductions in food waste, as opposed to more efficient means of production, will ring hollow if loss of crop protection materials shifts the 44% of waste from agriculture and postharvest operations presently seen in North America to upwards of 70% of waste from those functions as is seen in South/Southeast Asia Saharan Africa and which have less access to modern crop protection systems.

As we see increased scholarship that shows how best SI practices like IPM can achieve improved environmental sustainability without negatively impacting farm profitability or crop production, I hope to continue to change the conversation from a competition between polarized tribes to a discussion of the best ways to nudge farming systems regardless of ideology. Pretty’s paper is a clear indicator of the potential for combining modern crop protection with low-tech crop and pest monitoring practices to forge a better agriculture.

References

1. Pretty, J., Intensification for redesigned and sustainable agricultural systems. Science, 2018. 362(6417).
2. Moran, R., G. Koehler, D. Cooley, A. Tuttle, J. Clements, C. Smith, G. Hamilton, W. MacHardy, L. Berkett, T. Bradshaw, H.H. Faubert, and M. Concklin, The New England Apple Scab-Control Practices Survey. Fruit Notes, 2016. 81(1): p. 1-6.
3. Bradshaw, T. and L. Berkett. An Initial IPM Strategy for New Cold Climate Winegrape Growers. ASHS HortIM 2017; Available from: http://hortim.ashsmedia.org/items/show/48.
4. Bradshaw, T. and A. Hazelrigg. Status of IPM practice adoption in Vermont apple orchards in 2017. 2018; Available from: http://www.uvm.edu/~fruit/pubs/2017AppleIPMstatus.pdf.
5. Lechenet, M., F. Dessaint, G. Py, D. Makowski, and N. Munier-Jolain, Reducing pesticide use while preserving crop productivity and profitability on arable farms. Nature Plants, 2017. 3: p. 17008.
6. Oerke, E.-C., Crop losses to pests. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 2006. 144(01): p. 31-43.
7. Popp, J., K. Pető, and J. Nagy, Pesticide productivity and food security. A review. Agronomy for sustainable development, 2013. 33(1): p. 243-255.

 

Sharing this information from my colleague Jane Kolodinski

To:       UVM Community

From:   Jane Kolodinsky, Professor & Chair

Date:    April 3, 2018

Please join us all of us in the Department of Community Development and Applied Economics, and Grace Matiru (Bob’s wife) and Jesse Parsons (Bob’s son) and family on Friday, April 6, 3:30-5:30pm in the Livak Ballroom of the UVM Davis Center for a Celebration of Life for Dr. Robert “Bob” Parsons.

Bob, who passed away on February 16, 2018, was known to many, not only in the University community but throughout the agricultural community in the states of Vermont and Pennsylvania, nationally, and internationally.  As a Professor, he worked with untold numbers of students in so many different capacities.  As an Extension Professor, Bob conducted outreach into the agricultural community visiting farms and farmers, conducting workshops and so much more.  He had unforgettable impacts on the lives he touched, and we know that many will want to attend this celebration to recognize his work and influence on our lives.  Please share this invitation with others who may also want to celebrate Bob.

The Celebration will be an informal reception to remember Bob’s contributions to the farmers, his students, his colleagues, and his family and friends.  It will be held on Friday April 6, 2018 from 3:30 – 5:30pm in the Livak Ballroom, Davis Center, 590 Main Street, University of Vermont in Burlington.  For parking on campus, please see the website at: http://www.uvm.edu/~tpswww/parking/

To support the work Bob was so passionate about, Memorial Gifts may be made out to the UVM Foundation, with “Bob Parsons Memorial Fund” written on the memo line. The address for the UVM Foundation is 411 Main Street, Burlington VT 05401.

 

The agriculture, academic, and extension world lost a true friend with a sharp, grounded mind and a sense of humor only developed in farm fields, barns, and milk house driveways when Dr. Bob Parsons passed away Friday after a two-plus year battle with cancer. Bob’s impact on Vermont agriculture looms large, as he has been key in studying dairy and other farm sector economics; in overseeing the UVM Risk Management Agency; in directing the Vermont Farm Succession Program; and in being a sought-out resource for detailing agricultural economics at all levels and relating them to stakeholders. Despite being quite sick (and sicker than he’d led on to those of us who work with him), recently he was commenting on Vermont Public Radio on the current state of milk prices and helping one of our undergrad students do his taxes. The man was dedicated right to the end.

I first met Bob when he was a co-Investigator on the organic apple feasibility project which would eventually yield me both of my graduate degrees and a substantial stash of early-career research papers and experience. He served on both of my graduate committees, and anyone who knew him will appreciate it when I say that in our sessions I learned more about his grandfather’s tractors than I did about the topic at hand. But Bob didn’t just rattle on (well, he did, kind of)- he brought the conversation back to the realities of farming in modern conditions, considering the macro-, micro-, and family-scale economic conditions that farmers face. He just got it, from a farmer’s point of view, which is rare in the halls of academia.

Last Fall, Bob asked me to co-teach his Agricultural Policy and Ethics course for this current Spring 2018 semester. I knew this was a big step for him, as he hadn’t taken a day off since his diagnosis, since treatment options are quite available what with UVM Medical Center being a short walk from our offices. We didn’t say it explicitly, but I knew what was going on. “Bob, I can’t just sit in front of the class and rattle on about dairy policy off the top of my head like you can”, I told him. Bob said, and I clearly remember his words, “that doesn’t matter Terry, I know you can figure it out. These students need to hear from us, and I know that you can carry this on.” I am teaching that class this semester and think of Bob every day, and the task he handed me to present to these students the conditions farmers face to make a go of it in the modern local, national, and international economies. I can only hope that those students, when talking amongst themselves, refer to me in any of the same air as they did Bob when they would highlight his point of view as a needed balancing point to the standard fare from a progressive northeastern Land Grant University.

Bob and I are among the few,  real-live farm kids who teach in the UVM College of Agriculture and Life Science. My views have been shaped by both my upbringing on a small dairy farm and my many years in academic life, and tempered by a connection I have maintained with the farming community through the Vermont apple industry in particular. I often find myself bridging divides between old Vermont / new Vermont; organic / conventional; and applied / theoretical. People like Bob and I are few and far between in this strange world, and this world needs us.

I remember the first time I traveled with Bob to an academic symposium in Leavenworth, WA, a strange mountain town with a Bavarian fixation just upslope from Wenatchee, the self-proclaimed Apple Capital of the World. We were presenting some papers from that organic apple project, and I was lead or co-author on every one of them. This was among my first academic conferences, and certainly my first as author of multiple papers, including those from my Masters’ research. Frankly, I didn’t think that our economics paper was up-to-snuff, but I can still see Bob as he stepped up to the podium and started going through the slides. The graphs, despite having no statistical analyses, were quite clear- we were losing money in our simulations of organic orchard production, and Bob said to the crowd, “well, it doesn’t take a damned Ph.D. to tell that this isn’t working.” I still use that line when appropriate, as it so often is the case.

We did publish that research, and Bob was right. It’s important as an agricultural academic to stay grounded while staying current in the latest research in your field. As I consider my career and its place in Vermont agriculture, I look to mentors I’ve had like Bob Parsons who ‘get it’ for continued inspiration.

Thanks Bob, for all you’ve offered to me and the greater agricultural community in the years I’ve known you. You’ll continue to be an inspiration to me, and I promise to carry on in your spirit as I not only work with farmers, but also as I teach the next generation of farmers and food systems practitioners from the viewpoint of someone who has shoveled more shit than most will see in a lifetime, and who respects the advances we have today that make that job more rare than when we were kids.

 

Feb 21 update: Thanks for all the good words and responses on this piece. Since its first few hundred reads, I’ve tidied it up with a few wordsmithing edits and a narrowed focus on just Bob. -TB

Much has recently been written about the poor state of scientific literacy in the U.S, and the media’s role in that downward slide.  At the same time, ‘industrial’ or ‘conventional’ agriculture, and the real, live farmers that contribute to it, continues to be damned by activists, non-governmental organizations, and enlightened people on social media. Similarly, academic objectivism has been hijacked by academic activism to provide an air of credibility to those who wish to portray the present farm and food system as in shambles. A recent journal article is making the rounds that exemplifies these concepts, and highlights many of the problems with both public and academic activism as it relates to and affects farmers and consumers.

The article posted in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), “Association Between Pesticide Residue Intake From Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables and Pregnancy Outcomes Among Women Undergoing Infertility Treatment With Assisted Reproductive Technology” (Chiu, Williams, Gillman, & et al., 2017) has been shared in social media and discussed in popular scientific venues quite a bit since its publication in late October 2017. (I won’t mention the shares it’s had among activist and issue-oriented websites like thenatpath.com, davidwolfe.com, mercola.com, organicconsumers.org, etc…their response to this confirmation bias is to be expected).

• Science Daily reports, “Eating more fruits and vegetables with high-pesticide residue was associated with a lower probability of pregnancy and live birth following infertility treatment for women using assisted reproductive technologies.”
• Huffington Post offers the headline, “Trying to get pregnant? Science suggests: eat organic and regulate the pesticide industry.” (Article written by Stacy Malkan, Co-director of the activist group U.S. Right to Know)
• Reuters? “Women who eat more fruits and vegetables with high levels of pesticide residue may be less likely to get pregnant than women whose diets don’t include a lot of this type of produce, a U.S. study suggests.”
• Modern Farmer says, “High-Pesticide Fruits and Vegetables Correlated with Lower Fertility Rates, Says Study.”
• WebMD leads their story with, “Couples who are trying to have children should probably be picky about their produce, a new study suggests…”
• Hell, even Nature got in on the story, “…Reproductive endocrinology: Exposure to pesticide residues linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes…”

The headlines and statements pulled from these articles all make it sound like we have a crisis on our hands, that our food supply has been shown by science to be unsafe, and pesticides are to blame. But let’s look at this paper a bit closer, with a skeptical and statistical focus.

This was an observational, case control  study. That means that the independent variable of concern, in this case, pesticide residue intake, is not under the control of the researcher. That doesn’t invalidate the study, but it immediately makes it a weak one. A group of 325 women who were receiving assisted reproduction treatments (in vitro fertilization, IVF) were polled about their diet for the past three months prior to assessment, as well as for other potential factors.  Fruits and vegetables (FVs) were tallied and compared to USDA pesticide residue database, using similar protocols as the Environmental Working Group’s ‘Dirty Dozen’ list. That annual report that highlights many conventionally-grown produce items as dangerously contaminated with pesticide residue has been heavily criticized as intransparent to its methodology; flawed in its calculation of risk; and sensationalized in its overhyping of meaningful results (Fenner-Crisp, Keen, Richardson, Richardson, & Rozman, 2010; Winter & Katz, 2011). In this present study, a cumulative risk calculation, “Pesticide Residue Burden Score” (PBRS), is tallied and assigned to each subject. While the PBRS is cited as having been previously used as a valid assessment technique in prior studies, all of those citations are from the same author’s lab group, which indicates that this categorical assigned value has little use in the authors’ field of study has not been replicated it in another study by another lab group.

Quibbling about statistical design aside, let me break it down here. The primary independent treatment variable, pesticide exposure (PBRS), is derived from: a) a retrospective questionnaire (how many of us could accurately say what we ate for the last three months?); b) a dataset of pesticide residue collected from a very small sampling of fruits and vegetables grown all over the world with no relation to how those growing conditions may affect actual pesticide load of the individual subjects nor of the variability of residues within samples; and c) were translated by the authors using arbitrary criteria into essentially a “big” and a “little” treatment. The number of jumps in the assumption train is boggling here, and we generally consider assumptions made based on assumptions of assumptions as a pretty poor way to assign treatment variables. The researchers could have done a simple, quantitative test here to confirm their assignment of exposure risk: measured pesticide metabolites in urine. That one step would have made for a stronger study, assuming it didn’t completely invalidate the PBRS treatments that were selected, which is entirely possible.

The dependent variables were more easily measured, discreet data points, things like number of embryos transferred, number implanted, clinical pregnancies, and live births.

Then, lots of ‘cofounders’, or other factors affecting the dependent variables  are discussed, including age, body mass index, race (but only ‘white’ race, yes or no), education, smoking history, organic food intake (self-reported, and also placed on an arbitrary categorical scale), and intake of thinks like alcohol, caffeine, and vitamins. So it seems that they screened out the other things that are well-known to impact pregnancy outcomes and are able to look only at the effects of PBRS, right? Sort of. Looking at Table 2, we see that in the ‘High residue’ group, the highest quartile (e.g. arbitrarily determined highest pesticide exposure) group had a statistically greater incidence of organic food intake than the lowest-residue (quartile 1) group. Yet, the paper explains in the discussion that eating organic food may decrease pesticide exposure, which is the complete opposite of the statistics presented in the paper. Similarly, we find statistically significant cofounders between populations all over the place, including various vitamin intake levels, infertility levels (HUGE problem …study should have been finished right there), and smoking rates.

The authors ran a bunch of correlation tests, which by design only point to associations between data points without any test for causation. Consider the popular correlation site Spurious Correlations that provides reported links between the number of films that Nicholas Cage appeared in and the number of people who drowned in a pool, based on actual data and associated correlations between variables. This highlights that correlation indeed does not mean causation; that the experimental variables were so vaguely defined and arbitrarily selected further highlights that there is little to no meaning to be drawn from the weak statistics used in the article. The authors mention adjustments made to “the model” to account for the cofounders, but the model isn’t made available in the actual article to evaluate. Sorry, that’s poor form for such a groundbreaking research paper, and indicates not only a lack of transparency but also a lack of scientific rigor with the entire premise of the article.

However, let’s assume that the model they developed to compare the arbitrary PBRS levels to pregnancy outcomes was valid. The outcome variables analyzed were a computed confidence interval (CI) for the various pregnancy outcomes (implanted egg, pregnancy, live birth). CIs are a commonly-used metric for guessing how correct your estimation is based on your sample mean and the variance among samples. Conducting a statistical test on computed Cis derived from assumptions of assumed assumptions (that’s a loss of four levels of freedom for the stats folks) makes this analysis a complete shot in the dark as far as having any statistical validity.

Given all of the problems with this study, it’s amazing that it was ever even published. The authors did give themselves an out, though. In the ‘Limitations’ section, they state:

“Our study has some limitations. First, exposure to pesticides was not directly assessed but was rather estimated from self-reported FV intake paired with pesticide residue surveillance data. Although we have adjusted for organic FV intake, data on whether individual FVs were consumed as organic or conventional were not collected, possibly leading to exposure misclassification…Second, our methodology does not allow linking specific pesticides to adverse reproductive effects. Further confirmation studies, preferably accounting for common chemical mixtures used in agriculture by biomarkers, are needed. Third, as in all observational studies, we cannot rule out the possibility that residual (e.g., significant differences in organic FV consumption across quartiles of high–pesticide residue FV intake) or unmeasured confounding may still be explaining some of our observed associations…”

How about this explanation: a group of scientists began their study on pregnancy outcomes with a highly risky population, as far as their dependent variables were concerned (women undergoing fertility treatment); made up arbitrary High and Low risk groups based on assumed data with no verification of  actual exposure; ‘accounted’ for cofounding variables that were significantly different across the treatment groups left the model out of the paper (“just trust us”), and overstated conclusions based on widely varying Confidence Intervals (calculated guesses for actual ranges among populations) of dependent outcomes.

This is, at best, a ‘hypothesis study”- something that sets further research down a path of study to determine what might be going on in a set of data that shows a certain trend. More realistically, it’s an activist-science fishing mission fed to a receptive media, and they have gobbled it up and spit it out. The saddest part of the story is that reputable media outlets with stretched staff and few reporters with scientific background and time to apply it are just parroting the press releases accompanying the paper.

And we, again, see the public discourse dumbed down, and we see the finger pointed at conventional farmers, with organic farmers offered an undeserved (going strictly on the evidence presented) halo. No one is saying that there shouldn’t be careful scrutiny applied to pesticides, or to any facet of agriculture that entails risk to both farmers and consumers. But this study, the conclusions it presents based on fairly weak evidence, and the media promotion around it aren’t adding much of substance to the conversation.

Chiu, Y., Williams, P. L., Gillman, M. W., & et al. (2017). Association between pesticide residue intake from consumption of fruits and vegetables and pregnancy outcomes among women undergoing infertility treatment with assisted reproductive technology. JAMA Internal Medicine. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.5038

Fenner-Crisp, P., Keen, C., Richardson, J., Richardson, R., & Rozman, K. (2010). A Review of the Science on the Potential Health Effects of Pesticide Residues on Food and Related Statements Made by Interest Groups.   Retrieved from http://safefruitsandveggies.com/sites/default/files/expert-panel-report.pdf

Winter, C. K., & Katz, J. M. (2011). Dietary exposure to pesticide residues from commodities alleged to contain the highest contamination levels. Journal of toxicology, 2011.

 

I have the best job in the (my) world. I was raised in the 80s and early 90s on a seventh-generation Vermont dairy farm in Orange County, where the cows have two legs shorter on one side than the other so that they can navigate the side hills that preclude large-scale ‘crop and chop’ farming that is practiced in other parts of the state and country. This was a small farm that operated during a time of great change in the industry, when greater economic conditions forced farms to “grow big or get out”, and alternative markets like organic and value-added were just beginning to be explored by the earliest adopters. Our scale and type of farming was an economic challenge, putting it mildly in some years, and I was never encouraged to come back and take over the farm because it was considered an economic dead-end to do so. (The farm is still there, yet the cows are gone- my parents make hay and rent the land out to several other producers who make maple and raise beef.) I went to college a first-generation University student initially with an expectation that I would get a degree in engineering to land a lucrative career in some city far off, but that didn’t last long.  At the University of Vermont I was initially a student in the Environmental Studies program and was exposed to a more critical lens that questioned farming and other practices, and I even went so far as to label my father an ‘environmental terrorist’ because he used herbicide in our cornfield. That was an awkward Thanksgiving…

While this new-to-me focus on environmental problems opened my eyes a bit, I was fast disillusioned by what I thought was lots of hollering and little concrete action to make change within the system. I transferred to the Plant and Soil Science (PSS) major in fall 1994. I still didn’t plan to be a dairy farmer, but I found my place. In PSS, I worked for the UVM Apple Team as a research assistant and was exposed to the Vermont apple industry, which includes multiple scales of production from small pick-your-own orchards to 250-acre farms where every apple is shipped out on a tractor trailer to impersonal wholesale markets.  My boss and eventual mentor, Dr. Lorraine Berkett, headed up the UVM Integrated Pest Management program, and through our work, we were having substantial effect on moving the conversation on farm sustainability forward. I left for a few years after graduation and worked in the commercial orchard world, including a 50-acre retail orchard in Massachusetts with over 100,000 customer visits annually, and as manager of a smaller, 15-acre orchard in Chittenden County. I was called back to the Apple Program in 1999 and have been there ever since, and have worked on numerous projects including evaluation of organic apple systems, winegrape management and cultivar evaluations, IPM implementation, and cider apple production systems, to name a few broad categories. In 2005, I was appointed assistant director of the UVM Horticulture Research and Education Center (Hort Farm). I’ve attained two more degrees in the PSS department, receiving my Ph.D. in 2015. The year prior to that, upon Lorraine’s retirement, I was appointed to the PSS faculty and have served as director of the UVM Fruit Program and continue to direct the hort farm and Catamount Educational Farm. In the past few years, I have also been increasingly teaching students in small-scale vegetable production and overall farm management.

In preparation for teaching a new (to me) course next spring, PSS 208 Small Farm Planning, I’m going through an intentional process to outline some of my principles which guide my teaching, outreach, and service activities. I’ll list them here, and will likely update this post as a sort if index as I flesh them out and, likely, add more as time goes by. In future posts, I’ll flesh out each piece, and those thoughts will likely inform new principles and re-thinking of ones I’ve already written on. So here begins my likely evolving list of Principles Supporting Instruction, Research, and Outreach on Specialty Crops Production in Vermont:

1. We’ve all got to eat.
2. Food production needs to happen at all scales.
3. Farming isn’t natural.
4. ‘Natural’ factors greatly influence farm systems and can contribute to both crop failures and successes. Our job is to foster the latter.
5. Farmers are managers of complex biological, ecological, economic, and social systems.
6. Farm and food system sustainability have benefited tremendously from modern scientific advances.
7. With few exceptions, farmers are good people who are as interested in stewarding the land as those who criticize them.
8. There are multiple sources and levels of knowledge that best inform the discussion around farming practices and food systems.
9. The food supply in the developed world is the safest it has been in our history.
10. The public wants safe, affordable food that is produced in an environmentally and socially sustainable manner, and that’s a good thing.
11. Vermont is a unique place to live and farm. We need to celebrate that, but we also need to understand where our scale and types of production fit the food and farming systems in our greater region, nationally, and internationally.

I plan to flesh these out as time allows (good luck with that, TB). I look forward to synthesizing my thoughts and to a healthy discussion as these pages develop. Until then, don’t forget to eat your fruits and veggies.