Sources

Primary Sources

 1918. Man Spray-Painting Dolls. Miscellaneous Items in High Demand. Library of Congress: Washington D.C. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/97518820/

1930. Black Children Playing Leap Frog in a Harlem Street, ca. 1930. National Archives and Records Administration: College Park. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Black_children_playing_leap_frog_in_a_Harlem_street,_ca._1930_-_NARA_-_541880.tif 

Bain, G. 1915. Old Men Making Toys. Bain Collection. Library of Congress: Washington D.C.  http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ggb2005020606/

Black: Census 1930. Social Explorer, https://www.socialexplorer.com/a8bb5b8827/view (last accessed 5 November 2017).

Boyle, L. 1937. Thee black children playing with dolls and alphabet blocks at Delta Cooperative. Southern Tenant Farmers Union Photographs, 1937 and 1982. Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives: Ithaca. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Three_black_children_playing_with_dolls_and_alphabet_blocks_at_Delta_Cooperative.jpg

Getty Images. Golliwog dolls are deemed offensive and racist in the UK, although were popular in the past. https://www.thesun.co.uk/living/2520275/woman-window-shopping-on-rightmove-causes-stir-after-spotting-racist-doll-on-display/

Haines M. 2006.  Total Population, by Sex and Age: 1850-1990 Table Aa185-286. In Carter, S.; Gartner, S.; and Haines, M (ed.) Historical Statistics of the United States, Earliest Times to the Present: Millennial Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press. http://hsus.cambridge.org/HSUSWeb/toc/tableToc.do?id=Aa185-286

Hall, S. and A. Caswell Ellis. 1924. Study of Dolls. New York: E.L. Kellogg and Co. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006908160

Kramer, J. 2009. Mammy Dolls. https://www.flickr.com/photos/75001512@N00/3803269337

Roosevelt, F. 1935. WPA: Toy Repair Projects. U.S. National Archives. Franklin D. Roosevelt Library: Hyde Park. https://www.flickr.com/photos/usnationalarchives/4185783148/in/photostream/

Rutter, C. 2014. Wood doll with articulated limbs in bonnet with a Bergmann Bisque 1-8 Simon & Halbig Bisque. Guildhall Museum: Rochester. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Guildhall_Museum_Collection_1-5_Wood_with_bonnet_1-6_Bergmann_Bisque_1-8_Simon_%26_Halbig_bisque_3159.JPG 

Sam Fox Publishing Co. 1908. Pickaninny Rag, 1908. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pickaninny_Irene.jpg

Sloan, L. Male Nut-Head Doll, “Old Black Joe”. Missouri History Museum: St. Louis. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Male_Nut-Head_Doll,_%22Old_Black_Joe%22.jpg

Van Vechten, C. 1951. Portrait of Leontyne Price, with Saralee Doll. Van Vechten Collection. Library of Congress: Washington D.C. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2004663469/

Waters, D. 1852. Child Seated Beside the Table with Table Cloth Holding a Black Rag Doll. Daguerreotype Collection. Library of Congress: Washington D.C. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2009632801/

White: Census 1940 Census Tract, County, State and US. Social Explorer, https://www.socialexplorer.com/2ca6a676a7/view (last accessed 13 November 2017).

 

Scholarly Sources

Bernstein, R. 2009. Dances with Things Material Culture and the Performance of Race. Social Text 27: 67-94.

——. 2011. Children’s Books, Dolls, and the Performance of Race; or, The Possibility of Children’s Literature. PMLA 126: 160-169.

Formanek-Brunell, M. 1993. ‘Chapter Six: Forging the Modern American Doll Industry, 1914-1929.’ In Made to Play House: Dolls and the Commercialization of American Girlhood, 1830-1934, p. 135-160. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Frever, T. S. 2009. “Oh! You Beautiful Doll!”: Icon, Image, and Culture in Works by Alvarez, Cisneros, and Morrison. Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature 28: 121-139.

Patterson, G. 1994. Color Matters: The Creation of the Sara Lee Doll. The Florida Historical Quarterly 73: 147-165.

Raynor, S. 2008. My First Black Barbie: Transforming the Image. Cultural Studies, Critical Methodologies 9: 179-185.

Thomas, Sabrina. 2005. ‘The Ritual of Doll Play: Implications of Understanding Children’s Conceptualization of Race.’ In Kathy Merlock Jackson (ed.) Rituals and Patterns in Children’s Lives, p. 111-123. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.

——. 2005. Black Dolls as Racial Uplift: A Preliminary Report. Transforming Anthropology 13: 55-56.

Wilkinson, D. Y. 1987. The Doll Exhibit: A Psycho‐Cultural Analysis of Black Female Role Stereotypes. The Journal of Popular Culture 21 (2):19-30.