This Apple KB article demystifies what those startup symbols mean and what can cause them to appear:
Startup Sequence stage | Event |
Power On | Boot-ROM/RAM check is initialized |
BootROM-POST |
|
BootROM-EFI | Boot chime |
Boot EFI |
|
kernel | Grey screen with Metallic Apple and spinning gear |
launchd | Blue screen |
loginwindow | Login window appears |
User Environment Setup | The text "Logging in…" appears in login window along with a progress bar. Upon successful login, the Desktop and Dock appear. |