Hi all,
Now that we are in the dogdays of summer, fields look lush and harvest season is fully underway. That lushness, however, also provides potential for the buildup of diseases and pests that can easily hop from farm to farm throughout the region.
One of the concerning updates in the region are reports of late blight in several surrounding states. We are getting reports from western New York and some areas south of Vermont that late blight may be on its way. Despite this concerning news, the silver lining is that we have not heard of any confirmed sightings in Vermont, yet. However, with some weather systems moving in from the west over the upcoming days, the incidence line may creep a bit closer. So, it is still important to monitor your tomatoes and potatoes for any sign of late blight. Common symptoms on tomatoes and potatoes are greenish-brown lesions on leaves and stems, that are often water-soaked and may be accompanied by white fuzzy fungal growth. These symptoms often come from the top of the plant downward, as the spores are transported via overhead rain. It is especially important to monitor for potential infections after a heavy rain. If you suspect that you may have late blight, be sure to destroy any infected plants as soon as you are confident in your diagnosis. Late blight requires living plant material to survive, so destroying any living infected material will reduce the likelihood for spread to other areas on your farm or neighbors. We’ve been lucky to avoid any outbreaks over the last few years, but we still must be vigilant.
In addition, other diseases to watch for are cucurbit downy mildew (CDM) and basil downy mildew (BDM). There are reports of potential CDM infections in the southern part of the state and areas to the west. Neither of these mildews overwinter here; instead, they arrive with storm fronts from the south. CDM often devastates late cucumber plantings in Vermont, appearing either later in the season or during active storm periods. CDM exclusively affects cucurbit plants, typically starting on older leaves and spreading to younger ones as the infection progresses. As symptoms worsen (via sporulation), the lower leaf surface develops a light grayish-purple “downy” appearance. Lesions can merge, leading to extensive tissue death and exposing fruit to sunscald. Severe infections can cause significant defoliation. Opting for resistant cultivars is the best defense, though conventional fungicides are effective. More information and images are available here: https://ag.umass.edu/vegetable/fact-sheets/cucurbits-downy-mildew
Basil Downy Mildew (BDM) has been reported in Maine and potentially in other nearby states. Similar to CDM, once established in a field is very hard to manage. It really becomes a situation of damage control, getting rid of any diseased plants in the hopes of saving healthy plants. The reality is, once an outbreak takes hold, there is not much that can be done other than the removal of diseased material.
Also, if you missed Meg McGrath’s recent listserve posting related to BDM research, please refer to the announcement below, as it will help plant breeders to stay informed on the evolution of the disease and its effect on our resistant varieties:
“Researchers at Rutgers (who are part of an international team addressing this) are asking anyone who observes basil downy mildew on their plants in the USA and Canada to send infected leaf samples and to report occurrence to the following website: https://basil.agpestmonitor.org/. These samples will be used to better understand the existing pathogen populations and help drive solutions towards the downy mildew problem. This problem cannot be solved alone! Thank you!!
Shipping Instructions:
Please collect as many infected leaves showing sporulation (or classic yellow leaf banding of this disease) as possible and wrap in a dry paper towel before placing inside a quart-sized ziplock bag. Seal the bag partially (leaving about a quarter open) before placing in an envelope with
Piece of paper with sample source address, basil variety if known, and contact information (email, phone number) in case there are questions about sample.
Mailing Address (regular mail fine as just pathogen’s DNA needed; not live pathogen):
B.A.S.I.L.
Foran Hall, Rm 392
59 Dudley Rd
Rutgers University
New Brunswick, NJ 08901”
Please address any questions or concerns you may have to Rob Mattera (robert.mattera@rutgers.edu)
As far as insect pests, it seems to be more of the same. Here are a few important notes of those pests.
- Onion thrips populations are really picking up with the dry, hot temperatures. However, the slow buildup earlier this season due to consistent rains has meant there has been little impact on yield so far. Despite seeing increasing damage now, most onions on our monitoring farms are looking great.
- With the extended heat before this recent cooling, Colorado potato beetle populations have shifted so that most of what we’re seeing now are adults emerging from pupation. This may create a good opportunity for potatoes to bulk up without heavy larval pressure. Remember that after flowering, potato plants can tolerate quite a bit of defoliation without significantly impacting yields.
- Lots of our moth pests: armyworms, corn earworms, cutworms, etc, are beginning to show up in increasing numbers in traps and crops in the region. If you have struggled with these in the past, you might want to start scouting for their damage.
- Leek moth trap numbers in most areas are nearly zero, as populations are mostly in the larval stage. You are likely to see damage in your onions and shallots growing over the next week or two. It’s probably fine to remove your exclusion netting on onions, if you are planning to harvest before the next flight (mid August)
- Cabbage whites, aka imported cabbage worm, are showing up in high numbers on lots of farms. For organic growers, Bt and spinosad sprays can be effective, though Bt tends to be more useful while caterpillars are smaller AND it requires the caterpillar to ingest it.
As always, our website for the scouting reports can be found here. In addition to the pests reported here, our website also has a more comprehensive list of pests. The list also documents the progression of many common pests as they emerge throughout the season.
For detailed management information about these pests, as well as a comprehensive guide to current production and pest management techniques for commercial vegetable crops, check out the New England Vegetable Management Guide. And, as always feel free to reach out to us if you have any questions.
Pest | Crop | Observations |
Striped Cucumber Beetle | Squash, Cucumber | Even though numbers are still very high, we are not seeing a ton of bacterial wilt. |
Squash Bug | Squash | Lots of pressure, adults, nymphs are prevalent! |
Colorado Potato Beetle | Potatoes, Eggplant | Populations are mostly adults and eggs. This may provide some time for potatoes to bulk up. |
Flea Beetle | Potatoes, Eggplant | Very low numbers, they are not fond of heat. |
Leek Moth | Onions, Garlic | Few if any adults in traps. |
Thrips | Onions | Thrips are growing and damage is also more prevalent, but onions seem to be bulked up enough to tolerate the pressure at this point. |
Cabbage worms | Kale | Seeing a really big spike in Imported Cabbage worms |
Potato Leafhoppers | Potatoes, Beans | We are seeing some fields with PLH, but the pressure seems really low in most cases. |
Tarnished plant bug | Strawberries, potatoes | Tarnished plant bugs are now being seen in various crops and some outbreaks are being reported. |
Mexican Bean Beetle | Beans | Definitely a growing concern in beans on some farms, be on the look out |
Swede midge | Brassicas | Very limited outbreaks thus far on most farms. |