Abbott, E., & Breckinridge, S. P. (1936). The tenements of Chicago, 1908-1935<\/em>. University of Chicago Press. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Adams, D. W. (2020). Education for extinction: American Indians and the boarding school experience, 1875-1928<\/em>. University Press of Kansas. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Albrecht, J., & Strand, B. (2010). A review of organized youth sport in the United States. YouthFirst: The Journal of Youth Sports<\/em>, 5<\/em>(1), 16-20.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bates, J. (2016). The Role of Race in Legitimizing Institutionalization: A Comparative Analysis of Early Child Welfare Initiatives in the United States. The Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth<\/em>, 9<\/em>(1), 15\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/hcy.2016.0014 <\/p>\n\n\n\n Capshaw, K. (2021). ” Come on In!”: Play as Community and Liberation in The Brownies’ Book. The Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth<\/em>, 14<\/em>(3), 367-392.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Capshaw, K. (2006). Childhood, the Body, and Race Performance: Early 20th-Century Etiquette Books for Black Children. African American Review,<\/em> 40<\/em>(4), 795-811.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cope, M. (forthcoming) Working and Schooling: A critical geography of child labor and compulsory education laws in early twentieth century United States. In Howerton, Gloria & Purdum, Leanne (eds.), Intersections of Youth, Politics, and Law in the United States,<\/em> West Virginia University Press<\/a>.<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n Cross, G. (1998). Toys and Time. Time & Society, 7(1), 5-24.<\/p>\n\n\n\n De Leeuw, S. (2009). \u2018If anything is to be done with the Indian, we must catch him very young\u2019: Colonial constructions of Aboriginal children and the geographies of Indian residential schooling in British Columbia, Canada. Children’s Geographies<\/em>, 7<\/em>(2), 123\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14733280902798837 <\/p>\n\n\n\n Etengoff, C., & Dilute, C. (2013). Sunni-Muslim American Religious Development During Emerging Adulthood. Journal of Adolescent Research,<\/em> 28<\/em>(6), 690-714.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Faulkner, D., Littleton, K., & Woodhead, M. (1998). Cultural Worlds of Early Childhood<\/em>. London: Routledge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Fass, P. S. & Valentine, D. (2014). Children and youth during the gilded age and progressive era<\/em> (Vol. 1). NYU Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Garwood, P. (2011). Rites of passage. Oxford handbook of the archaeology of ritual and religion, Oxford<\/em>, 261-84.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Griffiths, M. (2011). Favoured Free time: Comparing Children’s Activity Preferences in the UK and the USA. Children & Society,<\/em> 25<\/em>(3), 190-201.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Lomawaima, K. T. (1993). Domesticity in the Federal Indian Schools: The Power of Authority over Mind and Body. American Ethnologist<\/em>, 20<\/em>(2), 227\u2013240. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/645643<\/p>\n\n\n\n Lomawaima, K. T. (2018). Indian Boarding Schools, Before and After: A Personal Introduction. Journal of American Indian Education<\/em>, 57<\/em>(1), 11\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5749\/jamerindieduc.57.1.0011<\/p>\n\n\n\n Mills, S. (2013). \u2018An instruction in good citizenship\u2019: Scouting and the historical geographies of citizenship education. Transactions – Institute of British Geographers (1965),<\/em> 38<\/em>(1), 120-134.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Murnaghan, A. M. F. (2016). Disciplining children in Toronto playgrounds in the early twentieth century. Jeunesse: Young People, Texts, Cultures<\/em>, 8<\/em>(1), 111\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/jeu.2016.0005 <\/p>\n\n\n\n Newell, W. (1883). Games and songs of American children<\/em>. No place, unknown, or undetermined: Harper & brothers, 1883.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Seelau, R. (2012). Regaining Control Over the Children: Reversing the Legacy of Assimilative Policies in Education, Child Welfare, and Juvenile Justice That Targeted Native American Youth. American Indian Law Review<\/em>, 37<\/em>(1), 63\u2013108. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/41940641<\/p>\n\n\n\n Rose, C. (2014, April 30). 6 Boarding School Laws Still on the Books<\/em>. Indian Country Today. Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https:\/\/indiancountrytoday.com\/archive\/6-boarding-school-laws-still-on-the-books <\/p>\n\n\n\n Rothenberg, P. S., & Wright , R. (2010). The Ethics of Living in Jim Crow: An Autobiographical Sketch . In Race, class, and gender in the United States: An integrated study<\/em> (pp. 22\u201331). essay, Worth Publishers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ritterhouse, J. (2006). Growing up Jim Crow: How Black and White southern children learned race \/ Jennifer Ritterhouse.<\/em> Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Seefeldt, V. D., & Ewing, M. E. (1997). Youth sports in America: An overview. President’s council on physical fitness and sports research digest<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Simmons, L. (2015) “Suppose they don’t want us here?” Mental mapping of Jim Crow New Orleans, Crescent City Girls: The Lives of Young Black Women in Segregated New Orleans.<\/em> UNC Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Unger, S., & Byler, W. (1977). In The Destruction of American Indian Families<\/em> (pp. 1\u201312). essay, Association on American Indian Affairs.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n Wilkerson, I. (2010). The warmth of other suns: The epic story of America’s great migration<\/em>. Penguin UK.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C., E., Annie, Aunt, & Emrik & Binger, lithographer. (1880). Golden days of childhood <\/em><\/em>[electronic resource] \/ by E.C.C. ; illustrations in chromo colours.<\/em> (Nineteenth Century Collections Online: Children’s Literature and Childhood).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Crosswell, T. (1898). Amusements of Worcester School Children. The Pedagogical Seminary,<\/em> 6<\/em>,\u00a0314.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Dart, H. and Matthews, E. 1924. The Welfare of Children in Cotton-Growing Areas of Texas. United States. Children’s Bureau. Washington: Government Printing Office. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Gabriel, N. (2017). Growing up in society – a historical social psychology of childhood. Historical Social Research,<\/em> 42<\/em>(4), 207-226.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Getty Images. (1899). \u201cGirl Holding a Mirror.\u201d https:\/\/www.gettyimages.com\/detail\/news- \u00a0 photo\/little-girl-puts-color-on-her-cheeks-while-she-looks-into-a-news-photo\/515986984<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Newell, W. (1883). Games and songs of American children<\/em>. No place, unknown, or undetermined: Harper & brothers, 1883.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Paris, John Ayrton. (1785-1856). \u201cPhilosophy in sport, made science in earnest: being an attempt \u00a0 to implant in the young mind the first principles of natural philosophy by the aid of the popular toys and sports of youth.\u201d New York, Clark, Austin & Smith, 1855. <\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0https:\/\/lccn.loc.gov\/ltf91073901<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Pearson, E. (1852). Every boy’s book of games, sports, and diversions, or, The school boy’s manual of amusement, instruction, and health [electronic resource] : With several hundred engravings.<\/em> (Nineteenth Century Collections Online: Children’s Literature and Childhood).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Unger, S., & Meriam, L. (1977). The Effects of Boarding Schools on Indian Family Life: 1928. In The Destruction of American Indian Families<\/em> (pp. 14\u201317). essay, Association on American Indian Affairs. <\/p>\n\n\n\n United States Census Bureau. (2021). \u201cHistorical Living Arrangements of Children\u201d \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 https:\/\/www.census.gov\/data\/tables\/time-series\/demo\/families\/children.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n Weaver, R. (1939). Amusements and sports in American life<\/em>. Illinois: The University of Chicago Press.Whitner, R. L. (1959). Grant\u2019s Indian Peace Policy on the Yakima Reservation, 1870-82. The Pacific Northwest Quarterly<\/em>, 50<\/em>(4), 135\u2013142. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40487397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Albertin, W., photographer. (1955) Various take-off styles were exhibited as this 50-yard dash kicked off in the Lions Club’s Endecathlon for Chinatown kids \/ World Telegram & Sun photo by Walter Albertin. New York, 1955. [New York: New York World-Telegram & Sun] [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress. https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2015645584\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Collins, M., photographer. (1942) New York, New York. Children’s Colony, a school for refugee\u00a0 children administered by a Viennese. Three-year-olds of all nations playing games in English. United States New York New York State, 1942. Oct. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2017838781\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Harris & Ewing, photographer. Children Playing. United States, None. [Between 1919 and 1921] \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2016863126\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Rothstein, A., photographer. (1939) Johnnie Sheffels with his toy tractor and seed drill. Cascade County. Montana. United States Cascade County Montana, 1939. May. [Photograph] \u00a0 Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2017777615\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Photographs and Prints Division, The New York Public Library. (1939). Church is out: Edward Jones (center) escorting Pat Roberts and Edna Dean home from church, Harlem, New York City Retrieved from https:\/\/digitalcollections.nypl.org\/items\/be4f8300-56b1-0130-8587-58d385a7bbd0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Photographs and Prints Division, The New York Public Library. (1930 – 1951). Rubin Stacey, lynched victim, hanging from a tree Retrieved from https:\/\/digitalcollections.nypl.org\/items\/75ff1d22-7471-750e-e040-e00a1806400b<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Jean Blackwell Hutson Research and Reference Division, The New York Public Library. (1922). African American children sitting on the stairs Retrieved from https:\/\/digitalcollections.nypl.org\/items\/510d47df-9507-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\nPrimary Sources (most accessed through Hathi Trust)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Images<\/h2>\n\n\n\n