Primary Sources

Federal Art Project, S. Is your child vaccinated Vaccination prevents smallpox – Chicago Department of Health. Illinois Chicago, None. [Chicago: illinois wpa art project, between 1936 and 1941] [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/98507705/. 

Folks, G. H. & National Child Labor Committee. (1922). In Copper, Edward (ed.) Rural Child Welfare. NYC: The Macmillan Company.

Greene, V. W. (1984). Cleanliness and the Health Revolution. New York, New York: Soap and Detergent Association.

Henle, F. (1942, November). Nurse Training [Photograph]. Library of Congress. https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/fsa/8b07000/8b07700/8b07706v.jpg

Hine, L. W. (1915, December 3). School #9, District #3. This was the attendance on December 3, and several children were absent on account of sickness. Compare photographs 4052 and 4053 with attendance consisting of one pupil on October 27 – 5 weeks after school began. Location: Morgan County, Colorado [Photograph]. Library of Congress. https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/nclc/00300/00391r.jpg

Jones, H. W. W. (1903). She will be better [Photograph]. Library of Congress. https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/cph/3a50000/3a53000/3a53100/3a53104r.jpg

Lee, R. (1939, February). A sick child sleeping in trailer home of his father near Sebastian, Texas. This family was originally from Iowa but had been in Texas doing migrant work the the last several years. They had found no work in the valley [Photograph]. Library of Congress. https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/fsa/8b37000/8b37300/8b37330v.jpg

National Library of Medicine. (2019). Advertisement for Cocaine Toothache Drops. History.com. Retrieved May 9, 2022, from https://www.history.com/news/7-of-the-most-outrageous-medical-treatments-in-history.

National Museum of American History. (1906). Bull’s Cough Syrup. Photograph.

Nebraska State Homeopathic Medical Society., Hahnemann Medical Association of Iowa. (1910). Iowa homeopathic journal and the journal of the Hahnemann Medical Association of Iowa. Des Moines: Hahnemann Medical Association of Iowa.

Peebles, J. M. (James Martin). (1905). Vaccination a curse and a menace to personal liberty: with statistics showing its dangers and criminality. [Battle Creek, Michigan] https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.a0006565253&view=1up&seq=59&skin=2021&q1=child

Photograph of doctor taking a baby’s pulse, Clarkesville, Georgia, 1953 – DPLA – 96758a15df087cd4195e48bf7cc26389.jpeg. (2022, March 8). Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Retrieved 21:15, May 9, 2022 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Photograph_of_doctor_taking_a_baby%27s_pulse,_Clarkesville,_Georgia,_1953_-_DPLA_-_96758a15df087cd4195e48bf7cc26389.jpeg&oldid=636500624.

Riis, Jacob. (1892) The Children of the Poor, NYC: Charles Scribner’s Sons.

The power of Poison – Media Images. Milwaukee Public Museum. (n.d.). Retrieved May 9, 2022, from https://www.mpm.edu/press/media-images/poison-photos 

“The twins” – scott’s emulsion, scott & bowne. Digital Commonwealth. (n.d.). Retrieved May 9, 2022, from https://www.digitalcommonwealth.org/search/commonwealth:tm70n247c

United States Resettlement Administration, Rothstein, A., photographer. (1935) Untitled photo, possibly related to: Sharecropper’s child suffering from rickets and malnutrition, Wilson cotton plantation, Mississippi County, Arkansas. United States Mississippi County Arkansas, 1935. [Aug] [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2017720686/.

Scholarly Articles

Bellis, M. (2019, August 21). Biography of Louis Pasteur, French biologist and chemist. ThoughtCo. Retrieved May 9, 2022, from https://www.thoughtco.com/louis-pasteur-biography-1992343

Garwin, A. D. (2000). Coming clean: the health revolution of 1890-1920 and its impact on infant mortality.

Gillis, J. (2005). Taking a Medical History in Childhood Illness: Representations of Parents in Pediatric Texts since 1850. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 79(3), 393-429. doi:10.1353/bhm.2005.0105.

Hostetter, M. (2012). What We Don’t See. The New England Journal of Medicine, 366(14), 1328-1334.

Jasen, P. (1999). Maternalism and the Homeopathic Mission in Late-Victorian Montreal. Canadian Bulletin of Medical History, 16(2), 293-315.

Kestenbaum, L., & Feemster, K. (2015). Identifying and Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy. Pediatric Annals, 44(4), E71-E75.

Meckel, R. A. (1998). Save the babies: American public health reform and the prevention of infant mortality, 1850-1929 (Vol. 32): University of Michigan Press

Olson, E. (2019). ‘The largest volunteer life saving corps in the world’: centering child caregiving in histories of US human security through the Little Mothers’ League. Social & Cultural Geography, 20(4), 445-464.

Preston, S. H., & Haines, M. R. (1991). Fatal Years: Child Mortality in Late Nineteenth-Century America. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Shulman, S. The History of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Pediatr Res 55, 163–176 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1203/01.PDR.0000101756.93542.09

Stern, A., Markel, H., and Murray, D. (2002)  Cowie Symposium on the History of Pediatrics Child Health in America. Formative years : Children’s health in the United States, 1880-2000 / edited by Alexandra Minna Stern, Howard Markel. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 

Zelizer, V. A. (1994). Pricing the Priceless Child: The Changing Social Value of Children (Reprint ed.). Princeton University Press.