Primary Sources and Photos:

Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Company’s steam locomotive #384 – Kansas Memory – Kansas Historical Society. (n.d.). Www.kshs.org. Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://www.kshs.org/km/items/view/208362

Bain News Service, P. (ca. 1920) Byron Family and Pets. , ca. 1920. [Between and Ca. 1925] [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2014712762/.

Bain News Service, P. (ca. 1910) N.Y. Playground. , ca. 1910. [Between and Ca. 1915] [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2014693979/.

Barker, G. (1890). He wanted a new pair. https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2002706727/

Children. Retrieved from the Digital Public Library of America, https://digital.grpl.org/Detail/objects/123865

Department of the Interior. Bureau of Indian Affairs. Pine Ridge Agency. 9/17/1947. Children Boarding Bus. In US National Archives Research Catalog. https://catalog.archives.gov/id/12465389

‌Hine, L. W. (1909). Interior of a shack occupied by berry pickers. Anne Arundel County, Maryland. Courtesy of Maryland Child Labor Committee. Location: Anne Arundel County, Maryland. https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2018675582/.

Hine, L. W. (1910). 5 year old Helen and her stepsisters “hulling” strawberries at Johnson’s Hulling Station, Seaford, Del. Helen is an orphan, who one month after death of her widowed mother, was adopted by the Hope family of Seaford, Del. This is her 2d season at Johnson’s Hulling Station. On the day of the investigation she started working at 6 A.M. and at 6 P.M. the same day Helen was still hulling strawberries.Location: Seaford, Delaware. United States Seaford Delaware, 1910. May. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2018675919/.

Hine, L. W. (1911). Manuel, the young shrimp-picker, five years old, and a mountain of child-labor oyster shells behind him. He worked last year. Understands not a word of English. Dunbar, Lopez, Dukate Company. Location: Biloxi, Mississippi. https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2018676266/

Hine, L. W. (1914). Harriet Cotton Mills. Investigator spent the noon hour and part of the day around the mill, and saw a few very young children. He was not able to get into the mills, but indications are that there is plenty of child labor here when work is brisk.Location: Henderson, North Carolina. United States North Carolina Henderson, 1914. November. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2018674727/.

Hine, L. W. (1936). Scott’s Run, West Virginia. Miner’s child – This boy was digging coal from mine refuse on the road side. The picture was taken December 23, 1936 on a cold day; Scott’s Run was buried in snow. The child was barefoot and seemed to be used to it. He was a quarter mile from his home. In US National Archives Research Catalog. https://catalog.archives.gov/id/518366

Irma and Paul Milstein Division of United States History, Local History and Genealogy, The New York Public Library. (1912). Celebrations – Parades – Municipal events – [Olympic heroes honored.] Retrieved from https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47dd-94d5-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99

Project, F. A. (1936). Diphtheria strikes unprotected children Protect your child with toxoid–Toxoid prevents diptheria : Chicago Department of Health. Www.loc.gov. https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/98508392/

Rockwell, N. (1943) Ours to Fight For: Freedom from Fear. , 1943. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2005676545/.

Social Explorer Maps: Total Illiterate Population Age 10 and Over [1900] U.S. Census Data; Total Population of Native Parentage [1910] U.S. Census Data

Special Collections and Archives, J. B. C. L. (n.d.). An Amendment to the Constitution is Needed to Give the United States Power to Safeguard the Child Life of the Nation. Special Collections and Archives,James Branch Cabell Library, VCU Libraries. https://images.socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/items/show/9

The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Photography Collection, The New York Public Library. (1940 – 1979). Children Retrieved from https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/151073a0-1124-0133-ae52-58d385a7b928

U.S Government Printing Office. (1942). We Are Ready – What About You? – Join the – Schools at War – Program. Digitalcollections.hclib.org. Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://digitalcollections.hclib.org/digital/collection/p17208coll3/id/1555

Williamson, A. C. (1911) Will I have to go to prison?. , 1911. [?] [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2010718484/.

Scholarly Sources: 

Adler, F. (1922). The punishment of children. In HathiTrust. The Abingdon press. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc2.ark:/13960/t6n011x26&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021

Chan, M. (2016, December 7). “A Date Which Will Live in Infamy.” Read President Roosevelt’s Pearl Harbor Address. Time; Time. https://time.com/4593483/pearl-harbor-franklin-roosevelt-infamy-speech-attack/

Elliott, Sinikka and Reid, Megan. (April, 2019) Low Income Black Mothers Parenting Adolescents in the Mass Incarceration Era: The Long Reach of Criminalization. American Sociological Review Vol. 84 Issue 2, p197-219. 23p. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122419833386

Folks, Gertrude, (1922) Rural School Attendance, in Clopper, Edward (ed.) Rural Child Welfare: An Inquiry by the National Child Labor Committee, NYC: Macmillan.

Gagen, E. A. (2004). Making America flesh: Physicality and nationhood in early twentieth-century Physical Education Reform. Cultural Geographies, 11(4), 417–442. https://doi.org/10.1191/1474474004eu321oa

‌Stearns, P. N., & Haggerty, T. (1991). The Role of Fear: Transitions in American Emotional Standards for Children, 1850-1950. The American Historical Review, 96(1), 63–94. https://doi.org/10.2307/2164018

Tanner, A. E. (1915). The child: his thinking, feeling, and doing: Chapter 12 Conception of Good and Evil (pp.297-307)… In HathiTrust. Rand, McNally & company. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015003482596&view=1up&seq=297&skin=2021

The University of Iowa Labor Center. (2019). Child Labor in U.S. History | The University of Iowa Labor Center. Uiowa.edu. https://laborcenter.uiowa.edu/special-projects/child-labor-public-education-project/about-child-labor/child-labor-us-history

Victoria and Albert Museum. (2004). Ours… to fight for. Freedom From Fear | Rockwell, Norman | V&A Explore The Collections. Victoria and Albert Museum: Explore the Collections. Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O101127/ours-to-fight-for-freedom-poster-rockwell-norman/#:~:text=Freedom%20From%20Fear

‌Zelizer, V. (1994). Pricing the Priceless Child: The Changing Social Value of Children (pp.23-55) [Review of Pricing the Priceless Child: The Changing Social Value of Children]. Princeton University Press. https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691034591/pricing-the-priceless-child