Agyepong, T. E. (2018). The Criminalization of Black Children: Race, Gender, and Delinquency in Chicago\u2019s Juvenile Justice System, 1899\u20131945<\/em>. University of North Carolina Press. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.5149\/9781469634012_agyepong<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n BUSH, E. N. (2023). For the Protection of Our Children: The 1922 \u201cChildren\u2019s Code\u201d and the Expansion of the Commonwealth\u2019s Eugenic Surveillance Authority. The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography<\/em>, 131<\/em>(3), 198\u2013230. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/48737654<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Platt, A. M., & Ch\u00e1vez-Garc\u00eda, M. (2009). The child savers: The invention of delinquency<\/em>. Rutgers University Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sealander, J. (2003). The Failed Century of the Child: Governing America\u2019s Young in the Twentieth Century<\/em>. Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sutton, J. R. (1985). The Juvenile Court and Social Welfare: Dynamics of Progressive Reform. Law & Society Review<\/em>, 19<\/em>(1), 107\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3053396<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Wolcott, D. (2001). \u201cThe Cop Will Get You\u201d: The Police and Discretionary Juvenile Justice, 1890-1940. Journal of Social History<\/em>, 35<\/em>(2), 349\u2013371. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/3790192<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Annual report of the board of city magistrates of the City of New York, (First Division) c.1 v.22 1895.<\/em> HathiTrust. (n.d.-a). <\/p>\n\n\n\n https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2027\/chi.098220212urlappend=%3Bseq=44%3Bownerid=13510798902993963-48<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Annual report of the children\u2019s village to the legislature of the state and to the Board of Aldermen of the City of New York for the year . 1897 1897.<\/em> HathiTrust. (n.d.-b).<\/p>\n\n\n\n https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2027\/osu.32435063624449 <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Annual report of the children\u2019s village to the legislature of the state and to the Board of Aldermen of the City of New York for the year . 1905 1905.<\/em> HathiTrust. (n.d.-b).<\/p>\n\n\n\n https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2027\/osu.32435063624092<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Annual report of the children\u2019s village to the legislature of the state and to the Board of Aldermen of the City of New York for the year . 1920 1920.<\/em> HathiTrust. (n.d.-b).<\/p>\n\n\n\n https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2027\/osu.32435063624084<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Age 5 to 20: Black, 1900. Social Explorer, (based on data from Digitally transcribed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. Edited, verified by Michael Haines. Compiled, edited and verified by Social Explorer.; accessed 5 December 2024 at 18:44:35 GMT-5).<\/p>\n\n\n\n https:\/\/www.socialexplorer.com\/ce746d8198\/view<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Black, 1920. Social Explorer, (based on data from Digitally transcribed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. Edited, verified by Michael Haines. Compiled, edited and verified by Social Explorer.; accessed 5 December 2024 at 18:47:24 GMT-5).<\/p>\n\n\n\n https:\/\/www.socialexplorer.com\/a42cd82299\/view<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Annual report of the children\u2019s village to the legislature of the state and to the Board of Aldermen of the City of New York for the year . 1897 1897.<\/em> HathiTrust. (n.d.-b). <\/p>\n\n\n\n https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2027\/osu.32435063624449urlappend=%3Bseq=91%3Bownerid=13510798902852082-97<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Annual report of the children\u2019s village to the legislature of the state and to the Board of Aldermen of the City of New York for the year . 1916 1916.<\/em> HathiTrust. (n.d.-b).<\/p>\n\n\n\n https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2027\/osu.32435063624282urlappend=%3Bseq=59%3Bownerid=13510798902900876-63<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2027\/osu.32435063624282urlappend=%3Bseq=73%3Bownerid=13510798902900876-77<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Annual report of the children\u2019s village to the legislature of the state and to the Board of Aldermen of the City of New York for the year . 1918 1918.<\/em> HathiTrust. (n.d.-b).<\/p>\n\n\n\n https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2027\/osu.32435063624183urlappend=%3Bseq=15%3Bownerid=13510798902900901-19<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2027\/osu.32435063624183urlappend=%3Bseq=49%3Bownerid=13510798902900901-53<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Hine, L. W. (1909). Swiping Behind the Cop\u2019s Back. Boston 1915 Exhibit. Location: Boston, Massachusetts.<\/em> photograph, Boston, Massachusetts. Swiping Behind the Cop’s Back. Boston 1915 Exhibit. Location: Boston, Massachusetts.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Hine, L. (1910). Juvenile Court. Small boy who is habitual truant. A street boy. Thursday, May 5, 1910. Location: St. Louis, Missouri.<\/em> photograph, St. Louis, Missouri. Juvenile Court. Small boy who is habitual truant. A street boy. Thursday, May 5, 1910. Location: St. Louis, Missouri.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Annual report of the children\u2019s village to the legislature of the state and to the Board of Aldermen of the City of New York for the year . 1897 1897.<\/em> HathiTrust. (n.d.-b).<\/p>\n\n\n\n https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2027\/osu.32435063624449urlappend=%3Bseq=73%3Bownerid=13510798902852082-79<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2027\/osu.32435063624449urlappend=%3Bseq=127%3Bownerid=13510798902852082-133<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Bracklow , R. L., & Alland, A. (n.d.). The New York Juvenile Asylum, W. 177th St. and St. Nicholas Avenue, New York City, undated (ca. 1890-1906).<\/em> photograph. The New York Juvenile Asylum, W. 177th St. and St. Nicholas Avenue, New York City, undated (ca. 1890-1906). | DCMNY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Evans, W. (1938). New York, New York. 61st Street between 1st and 3rd Avenues. Children playing in the street<\/em>. photograph, New York, New York . New York, New York. 61st Street between 1st and 3rd Avenues. Children playing in the street – digital file from original neg. | Library of Congress<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Miller, T. (2012, December 7). The 1916 children\u2019s courthouse — 137 e. 22d street<\/em>. The 1916 Children\u2019s Courthouse — 137 E. 22d Street. https:\/\/daytoninmanhattan.blogspot.com\/2012\/12\/the-1916-childrens-courthouse-137-e-22d.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\nPrimary Sources:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Social Explorer Census Maps:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
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